ArticleNutrients2015
Longitudinal Study of Cytokine Expression, Lipid Profile and Neuronal Growth Factors in Human Breast Milk from Term and Preterm Deliveries.
Article in Nutrients, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mother's Own Milk and Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2019Pooled it
- Source of human milk (mother or donor) is more important than fortifier type (human or bovine) in shaping the preterm infant microbiome.Cell reports. Medicine · 2022Trial
- Relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in children.PloS one · 2021Trial
- Comparative Analysis of Adipokines and Growth Factors in Preterm and Term Breast Milk and Their Role in Infant Growth.Current nutrition reports · 2026Review
- Infant feeding and criticality in children.Nursing in critical care · 2025Article
- Influence of Lactation Stage on Content of Neurotrophic Factors, Leptin, and Insulin in Human Milk.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Longitudinal quantification of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis reveals late colonization in the infant gut independent of maternal milk HMO composition.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Human Milk Microbiota Profile Affected by Prematurity in Argentinian Lactating Women.Microorganisms · 2023Article
- Cytokines and Chemokines in Breastmilk of SARS-CoV-2 Infected or COVID-19 Vaccinated Mothers.Vaccines · 2022Article
- The Effect of Glucose Metabolism and Breastfeeding on the Intestinal Microbiota of Newborns of Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Review
- Early nutritional intake influences the serum levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in preterm newborns.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Article
- Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Changes Human Colostrum Immune Composition.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- The Role of Nutrition in the Prevention and Management of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A Literature Review and Clinical Approach.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Review
- Racial and socioeconomic disparities in breast milk feedings in US neonatal intensive care units.Pediatric research · 2021Review
- Immediate Pre-Partum SARS-CoV-2 Status and Immune Profiling of Breastmilk: A Case-Control Study.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Modulation of the Systemic Immune Response in Suckling Rats by Breast Milk TGF-β2, EGF and FGF21 Supplementation.Nutrients · 2020Article
- Human Breast Milk: Bioactive Components, from Stem Cells to Health Outcomes.Current nutrition reports · 2020Review
- Profile of pro-inflammatory cytokines in colostrum of nursing mothers at the extremes of reproductive age.PloS one · 2020Article
- Impact of human milk on the transcriptomic response of fetal intestinal epithelial cells reveals expression changes of immune-related genes.Food & function · 2019Article
- Pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors in human milk: an exploratory analysis of racial differences to inform breast cancer etiology.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Breast milk (BM) is considered as a reference for infant nutrition. The role of bioactive components, such as cytokines, hormones, growth factors (GFs) and fatty acids (FAs) is poorly known, but they might be implicated in immune response development. The aim of this study was to identify the lipid profile and the spectrum of cytokines and neuronal GF in BM samples and analyse the influence of gestational age and lactation time on these components. This study used a longitudinal prospective method for the characterization of cytokines, FAs and GFs global profiles in 120 BM samples from 40 healthy mothers (20 preterm and 20 term) collected as colostrum, transitional and mature milk. The cytokines were analysed by protein array (Ray Bio® Human Cytokine Array G6. Ray Biotech, Inc. Norcross, GA, USA) and the FAs were analysed by gas chromatography. The FA profile was similar between the term and the preterm BM samples. Omega-3-α-linoleic and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and omega-6-linoleic acid were the most abundant in the term and preterm samples during lactation. Omega-3 ETA and omega-3 EPA we observed exclusively in the preterm samples. The cytokine profile showed a different trend based on gestational age. A significantly higher expression of neurotrophic factors was found in the mature preterm milk samples as compared to the mature term samples. Our study is the first to identify the influence and interactions of perinatal factors on cytokine, GFs and FAs in human milk.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.