ReviewThe journal of trauma and acute care surgery2016
Trauma-induced heterotopic bone formation and the role of the immune system: A review.
Review in The journal of trauma and acute care surgery, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The molecular mechanisms of action of PPAR-γ agonists in the treatment of corneal alkali burns (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2016Pooled it
- Neuro-Immune Axis in Trauma-Induced Heterotopic Ossification: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications.Cells · 2026Review
- Heterotopic Ossification: Molecular Drivers, Subtype-Specific Mechanisms, and Translational Therapeutic Advances.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Metaphyseal femoral resection with structured myoplasty in non-ambulatory patients with neurologic hip dislocation: long-term outcomes on pain relief and complication rates.European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology : orthopedie traumatologie · 2026Observational
- Heterotopic Ossification After Multiligament Knee Injury Is Associated With Knee-Spanning External Fixation and Central Nervous System Trauma.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2026Article
- Single cell RNA-seq analysis associates Osm signaling in macrophages with osteogenic differentiation during heterotopic ossification.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2025Article
- A CD26Nature communications · 2025Article
- Knee-Spanning External Fixation in the Management of Knee Dislocations and Multiligamentous Knee Injuries: A Narrative Review.Open access journal of sports medicine · 2025Review
- Applications of bone regenerative medicine in the foot and ankle: mechanisms, technologies, and therapeutic advances.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Review
- Mast cell activation by NGF drives the formation of trauma-induced heterotopic ossification.JCI insight · 2024Article
- Article
- Disturbed glycolipid metabolism activates CXCL13-CXCR5 axis in senescent TSCs to promote heterotopic ossification.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2024Article
- Cell Senescence in Heterotopic Ossification.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- Calcified apoptotic vesicles from PROCRJournal of extracellular vesicles · 2024Article
- Inhibition of NF-κB Signaling-Mediated Crosstalk Between Macrophages and Preosteoblasts by Metformin Alleviates Trauma-Induced Heterotopic Ossification.Inflammation · 2023Article
- A Case of Fibula Regeneration after Below-the-knee Amputation in an Adult.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2023Article
- Macrophage-Derived TGF-β and VEGF Promote the Progression of Trauma-Induced Heterotopic Ossification.Inflammation · 2023Article
- Post-traumatic heterotopic ossification in front of the ankle joint for 23 years: A case report and review of literature.World journal of clinical cases · 2023Article
- Inhibition of focal adhesion kinase 2 results in a macrophage polarization shift to M2 which attenuates local and systemic inflammation and reduces heterotopic ossification after polysystem extremity trauma.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Contemporary perspectives on heterotopic ossification.JCI insight · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Extremity trauma, spinal cord injuries, head injuries, and burn injuries place patients at high risk of pathologic extraskeletal bone formation. This heterotopic bone causes severe pain, deformities, and joint contractures. The immune system has been increasingly implicated in this debilitating condition. This review summarizes the various roles immune cells and inflammation play in the formation of ectopic bone and highlights potential areas of future investigation and treatment. Cell types in both the innate and adaptive immune system such as neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, B cells, and T cells have all been implicated as having a role in ectopic bone formation through various mechanisms. Many of these cell types are promising areas of therapeutic investigation for potential treatment. The immune system has also been known to also influence osteoclastogenesis, which is heavily involved in ectopic bone formation. Chronic inflammation is also known to have an inhibitory role in the formation of ectopic bone, whereas acute inflammation is necessary for ectopic bone formation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.