ArticleClinical and vaccine immunology : CVI2015
Comparative Adjuvant Effects of Type II Heat-Labile Enterotoxins in Combination with Two Different Candidate Ricin Toxin Vaccine Antigens.
Article in Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ricin as a Biothreat Agent: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Toxicology, Forensic Aspects, and Risk Mitigation.BioMed research international · 2026Review
- Preclinical optimization of an enterotoxigenicNPJ vaccines · 2020Article
- Sensitivity of Kupffer cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells to ricin toxin and ricin toxin-Ab complexes.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2019Article
- Alpha-galactosylceramide (αGalCer) enhances vaccine-induced protection in a model of ricin intoxication.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2018Article
- High-Definition Mapping of Four Spatially Distinct Neutralizing Epitope Clusters on RiVax, a Candidate Ricin Toxin Subunit Vaccine.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2017Article
- Using homology modeling to interrogate binding affinity in neutralization of ricin toxin by a family of single domain antibodies.Proteins · 2017Article
- Progress and challenges associated with the development of ricin toxin subunit vaccines.Expert review of vaccines · 2016Review
- Novel Strategy To Protect against Influenza Virus-Induced Pneumococcal Disease without Interfering with Commensal Colonization.Infection and immunity · 2016Article
- Recent advances in the development of vaccines against ricin.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Type II heat-labile enterotoxins (HLTs) constitute a promising set of adjuvants that have been shown to enhance humoral and cellular immune responses when coadministered with an array of different proteins, including several pathogen-associated antigens. However, the adjuvant activities of the four best-studied HLTs, LT-IIa, LT-IIb, LT-IIb(T13I), and LT-IIc, have never been compared side by side. We therefore conducted immunization studies in which LT-IIa, LT-IIb, LT-IIb(T13I), and LT-IIc were coadministered by the intradermal route to mice with two clinically relevant protein subunit vaccine antigens derived from the enzymatic A subunit (RTA) of ricin toxin, RiVax and RVEc. The HLTs were tested with low and high doses of antigen and were assessed for their abilities to stimulate antigen-specific serum IgG titers, ricin toxin-neutralizing activity (TNA), and protective immunity. We found that all four HLTs tested were effective adjuvants when coadministered with RiVax or RVEc. LT-IIa was of particular interest because as little as 0.03 μg when coadministered with RiVax or RVEc proved effective at augmenting ricin toxin-specific serum antibody titers with nominal evidence of local inflammation. Collectively, these results justify the need for further studies into the mechanism(s) underlying LT-IIa adjuvant activity, with the long-term goal of evaluating LT-IIa's activity in humans.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.