ArticleNucleic acids research2015
Robust expression of vault RNAs induced by influenza A virus plays a critical role in suppression of PKR-mediated innate immunity.
Article in Nucleic acids research, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 76 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 100 citations in OpenAlex.
- Protocol to uncover the protein interactome of small non-coding vault RNAs through RNA antisense purification coupled to mass spectrometry.STAR protocols · 2026Article
- nc886 noncoding RNA regulates hepatitis B virus replication via PKR-dependent eIF2α phosphorylation.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Non-coding RNAs: master regulators in the battle between host antiviral defense and viral replication.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Roles of Small Noncoding Vault RNAs in Intestinal Epithelium Homeostasis and Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- RNA Polymerase III-Transcribed RNAs in Health and Disease: Mechanisms, Dysfunction, and Future Directions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- A guide to the biogenesis and functions of endogenous small non-coding RNAs in animals.Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology · 2025Review
- Current Perspectives on Functional Involvement of Micropeptides in Virus-Host Interactions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Emergence of a novel reassortant H3N3 avian influenza virus with enhanced pathogenicity and transmissibility in chickens in China.Veterinary research · 2025Article
- TRIM21 modulates stability of pro-survival non-coding RNA vtRNA1-1 in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.PLoS genetics · 2025Article
- IL-1β-driven NF-κB transcription of ACE2 as a Mechanism of Macrophage Infection by SARS-CoV-2.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Proteomic Analysis of Differentially Expressed Proteins in A549 Cells Infected with H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Review
- Non-coding RNA Networks in Infection.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Viral strategies to antagonize the host antiviral innate immunity: an indispensable research direction for emerging virus-host interactions.Emerging microbes & infections · 2024Review
- The small noncoding RNARNA (New York, N.Y.) · 2024Article
- Major Vault Protein/Lung Resistance-Related Protein: A Novel Biomarker for Inflammation and Acute Infections.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- A small protein encoded by PCBP1-AS1 is identified as a key regulator of influenza virus replication via enhancing autophagy.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- The small non-coding RNAbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Toward a Categorization of Virus-ncRNA Interactions in the World of RNA to Disentangle the Tiny Secrets of Dengue Virus.Viruses · 2024Review
- Human Vault RNAs: Exploring Their Potential Role in Cellular Metabolism.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Protein kinase R (PKR) is a vital component of host innate immunity against viral infection. However, the mechanism underlying inactivation of PKR by influenza A virus (IAV) remains elusive. Here, we found that vault RNAs (vtRNAs) were greatly induced in A549 cells and mouse lungs after infection with IAV. The viral NS1 protein was shown to be the inducer triggering the upregulation of vtRNAs. Importantly, silencing vtRNA in A549 cells significantly inhibited IAV replication, whereas overexpression of vtRNAs markedly promoted the viral replication. Furthermore, in vivo studies showed that disrupting vtRNA expression in mice significantly decreased IAV replication in infected lungs. The vtRNA knockdown animals exhibited significantly enhanced resistance to IAV infection, as evidenced by attenuated acute lung injury and spleen atrophy and consequently increased survival rates. Interestingly, vtRNAs promoted viral replication through repressing the activation of PKR and the subsequent antiviral interferon response. In addition, increased expression of vtRNAs was required for efficient suppression of PKR by NS1 during IAV infection. Moreover, vtRNAs were also significantly upregulated by infections of several other viruses and involved in the inactivation of PKR signaling by these viruses. These results reveal a novel mechanism by which some viruses circumvent PKR-mediated innate immunity.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.