SynthesisBMC geriatrics2015
Smoking as a predictor of frailty: a systematic review.
Synthesis in BMC geriatrics, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 152 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and risk factors of frailty in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review and meta-analysis.European geriatric medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between smoking and the incidence of frailty.Neuropsychiatrie : Klinik, Diagnostik, Therapie und Rehabilitation : Organ der Gesellschaft Osterreichischer Nervenarzte und Psychiater · 2019Pooled it
- Global Incidence of Frailty and Prefrailty Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2019Pooled it
- Trial
- Lung function change and quantitative computed tomography measurements are associated with prospective frailty.ERJ open research · 2026Article
- The use of frailty screening measures for predicting long-term survival outcomes in head and neck cancer: a systematic review.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Article
- The Association Between Healthy Lifestyle Score Trajectory and Frailty in Middle-Aged and Older Adults in Korea: Findings from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (2006-2024).Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Latent classes of frailty and their association with intrinsic capacity inolder cancer survivors: A study under the healthy aging paradigm.Global health & medicine · 2026Article
- Trends and lifestyle contributions to frailty in US adults aged 50 and older: analysis of health and retirement study data (2004-2020).BMC public health · 2026Article
- Association of cumulative deficit frailty with brain age and Alzheimer's disease-related brain structure starting in late-middle age.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2026Article
- Burden and Impact of Frailty and Comorbidity in Individuals Screened for Lung Cancer.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2026Article
- Does Modified 5-Item Frailty Index Correlate With Survival in Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma?Head & neck · 2026Article
- Prevalence and Associated Factors of Frailty in Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: An Exploratory Machine Learning Analysis.Clinical interventions in aging · 2026Article
- Smoking as an independent predictor of long term care certification: The Yamagata cohort study.Tobacco induced diseases · 2026Article
- Frailty and Cardiovascular Risk.European cardiology · 2026Review
- Smoking cessation, weight change, and incidence and progression of frailty: A longitudinal analysis of the US Health and Retirement Study.Tobacco induced diseases · 2026Article
- Article
- Interaction Between Smoking and Olfactory Function on Frailty: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Gut microbiota mediates the relationship between smoking and fall risk: A 2-step Mendelian randomization study.Medicine · 2025Article
- What Do We Know About Prevention of Frailty in Women?American journal of lifestyle medicine · 2025Review
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundEvidence on longitudinal associations between smoking and frailty is scarce. The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature on smoking as a predictor of frailty changes among community-dwelling middle-aged and older population.
methodsA systematic search was performed using three electronic databases: MEDLINE, Embase and Scopus for studies published from 2000 through May 2015. Reference lists of relevant articles, articles shown as related citations in PubMed and articles citing the included studies in Google Scholar were also reviewed. Studies were included if they were prospective observational studies investigating smoking status as a predictor and subsequent changes in frailty, defined by validated criteria among community-dwelling general population aged 50 or older. A standardised data collection tool was used to extract data. Methodological quality was examined using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort studies.
resultsA total of 1020 studies were identified and systematically reviewed for their titles, abstracts and full-text to assess their eligibilities. Five studies met inclusion criteria and were included in this review. These studies were critically reviewed and assessed for validity of their findings. Despite different methodologies and frailty criteria used, four of the five studies consistently showed baseline smoking was significantly associated with developing frailty or worsening frailty status at follow-up. Although not significant, the other study showed the same trend in male smokers. It is of note that most of the estimate measures were either unadjusted or only adjusted for a limited number of important covariates.
conclusionsThis systematic review provides the evidence of smoking as a predictor of worsening frailty status in community-dwelling population. Smoking cessation may potentially be beneficial for preventing or reversing frailty.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.