Trial reportThe New England journal of medicine2015
Genetic Diversity and Protective Efficacy of the RTS,S/AS01 Malaria Vaccine.
Trial report in The New England journal of medicine, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 264 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Efficacy of GSK Biologicals' Candidate Malaria Vaccine (257049) Against Malaria Disease Caused by P. Falciparum Infection in Infants and Children in Africa
A Phase IIIB Comparative Trial of Seasonal Vaccination With the Malaria Vaccine RTS,S/AS01, Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention and of the Two Interventions Combined
Who cites it
264 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 444 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genetic diversity, population structure, and drug resistance of Plasmodium falciparum in Kenya: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Malaria journal · 2025Pooled it
- Effectiveness of interventions to improve vaccine efficacy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review on malaria and Tuberculosis (TB) vaccine challenges in sub-Saharan African clinical trials.PloS one · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review on malaria and dengue vaccines for the effective management of these mosquito borne diseases: Improving public health.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Pooled it
- A Deferred-Vaccination Design to Assess Durability of COVID-19 Vaccine Effect After the Placebo Group Is Vaccinated.Annals of internal medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Quantifying how HIV-1 envelope sequence features impact vaccine efficacy in the HVTN 705/HPX2008 randomised trial in southern African women.EBioMedicine · 2026Trial
- Duration and association with protection of NANP-repeat-specific and C-terminus-specific anti-circumsporozoite protein IgG responses following RTS,S/AS01The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- Rapid multiplexed nanopore amplicon sequencing to distinguish Plasmodium falciparum recrudescence from new infection in antimalarial drug trials.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Genotypic analysis of RTS,S/AS01The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2024Trial
- Safety and immunogenicity of BK-SE36/CpG malaria vaccine in healthy Burkinabe adults and children: a phase 1b randomised, controlled, double-blinded, age de-escalation trial.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Trial
- Induction, decay, and determinants of functional antibodies following vaccination with the RTS,S malaria vaccine in young children.BMC medicine · 2022Trial
- Multifunctional Antibodies Are Induced by the RTS,S Malaria Vaccine and Associated With Protection in a Phase 1/2a Trial.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Trial
- Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum and genetic profile in children affected by uncomplicated malaria in Cameroon.Malaria journal · 2020Trial
- Concentration and avidity of antibodies to different circumsporozoite epitopes correlate with RTS,S/AS01E malaria vaccine efficacy.Nature communications · 2019Trial
- Viral genetic diversity and protective efficacy of a tetravalent dengue vaccine in two phase 3 trials.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2018Trial
- Genotypic analysis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites in a clinical trial of RTS,S vaccination in combination with seasonal malaria chemoprevention.Malaria journal · 2026Article
- An orally available PfPKG inhibitor blocks Plasmodium's infection of the liver.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum helical interspersed subtelomeric (phistb) gene in Tanzania and neighboring countries.Malaria journal · 2026Article
- Global-scale population genetic analysis of Plasmodium falciparum identifies region-specific patterns of malaria parasite adaptation.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Article
204 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
63 authors at 20 institutions in 15 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe RTS,S/AS01 vaccine targets the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum and has partial protective efficacy against clinical and severe malaria disease in infants and children. We investigated whether the vaccine efficacy was specific to certain parasite genotypes at the circumsporozoite protein locus.
methodsWe used polymerase chain reaction-based next-generation sequencing of DNA extracted from samples from 4985 participants to survey circumsporozoite protein polymorphisms. We evaluated the effect that polymorphic positions and haplotypic regions within the circumsporozoite protein had on vaccine efficacy against first episodes of clinical malaria within 1 year after vaccination.
resultsIn the per-protocol group of 4577 RTS,S/AS01-vaccinated participants and 2335 control-vaccinated participants who were 5 to 17 months of age, the 1-year cumulative vaccine efficacy was 50.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 34.6 to 62.3) against clinical malaria in which parasites matched the vaccine in the entire circumsporozoite protein C-terminal (139 infections), as compared with 33.4% (95% CI, 29.3 to 37.2) against mismatched malaria (1951 infections) (P=0.04 for differential vaccine efficacy). The vaccine efficacy based on the hazard ratio was 62.7% (95% CI, 51.6 to 71.3) against matched infections versus 54.2% (95% CI, 49.9 to 58.1) against mismatched infections (P=0.06). In the group of infants 6 to 12 weeks of age, there was no evidence of differential allele-specific vaccine efficacy.
conclusionsThese results suggest that among children 5 to 17 months of age, the RTS,S vaccine has greater activity against malaria parasites with the matched circumsporozoite protein allele than against mismatched malaria. The overall vaccine efficacy in this age category will depend on the proportion of matched alleles in the local parasite population; in this trial, less than 10% of parasites had matched alleles. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others.).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.