ArticleScientific reports2015
The role of influenza in the epidemiology of pneumonia.
Article in Scientific reports, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mechanistic Models of Virus-Bacteria Co-Infections in Humans: A Systematic Review of Methods and Assumptions.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Pooled it
- Influenza and other respiratory viruses: standardizing disease severity in surveillance and clinical trials.Expert review of anti-infective therapy · 2017Pooled it
- Efficacy of Maternal Influenza Vaccination Against All-Cause Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Hospitalizations in Young Infants: Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2017Trial
- The limitations of non-mechanistic methods for characterizing pathogen-pathogen interactions: A simulation study.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of Maternal Influenza Vaccination on Influenza and Acute Respiratory Infection in Infants.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2026Article
- Etiological landscape and co-infection dynamics in Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs): insights from a multicenter outpatient study in Yunnan, China.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Revolutionizing Influenza Treatment: A Deep Dive into Targeted Drug Delivery Systems.Current pharmaceutical biotechnology · 2025Review
- Mathematical Modeling of the Lethal Synergism of Coinfecting Pathogens in Respiratory Viral Infections: A Review.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- Roles for Pathogen Interference in Influenza Vaccination, with Implications to Vaccine Effectiveness (VE) and Attribution of Influenza Deaths.Infectious disease reports · 2022Review
- [Flu vaccination and value-based health care: operational solutions to safeguard public health].Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene · 2022Article
- Interrupted time-series analyses of routine vaccination program for elderly pneumonia patients in Japan; an ecological study using aggregated nationwide inpatient data.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2021Article
- miR-29a is a negative regulator of influenza virus infection through targeting of the frizzled 5 receptor.Archives of virology · 2021Article
- Overview of Viral Pneumonia Associated With Influenza Virus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, and Coronavirus, and Therapeutics Based on Natural Products of Medicinal Plants.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Review
- Pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage among Bhutanese children hospitalized with clinical pneumonia: serotypes and viral co-infection.BMC infectious diseases · 2020Article
- Humanized Mice for Live-Attenuated Vaccine Research: From Unmet Potential to New Promises.Vaccines · 2020Review
- Application of Optimal Control to Influenza Pneumonia Coinfection with Antiviral Resistance.Computational and mathematical methods in medicine · 2020Article
- Age-Related Differences in Hospitalization Rates, Clinical Presentation, and Outcomes Among Older Adults Hospitalized With Influenza-U.S. Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET).Open forum infectious diseases · 2019Article
- Quantifying the consequences of measles-induced immune modulation for whooping cough epidemiology.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2019Article
- Estimating age-stratified influenza-associated invasive pneumococcal disease in England: A time-series model based on population surveillance data.PLoS medicine · 2019Article
- Fogarty International Center collaborative networks in infectious disease modeling: Lessons learnt in research and capacity building.Epidemics · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Interactions arising from sequential viral and bacterial infections play important roles in the epidemiological outcome of many respiratory pathogens. Influenza virus has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several respiratory bacterial pathogens commonly associated with pneumonia. Though clinical evidence supporting this interaction is unambiguous, its population-level effects-magnitude, epidemiological impact and variation during pandemic and seasonal outbreaks-remain unclear. To address these unknowns, we used longitudinal influenza and pneumonia incidence data, at different spatial resolutions and across different epidemiological periods, to infer the nature, timing and the intensity of influenza-pneumonia interaction. We used a mechanistic transmission model within a likelihood-based inference framework to carry out formal hypothesis testing. Irrespective of the source of data examined, we found that influenza infection increases the risk of pneumonia by ~100-fold. We found no support for enhanced transmission or severity impact of the interaction. For model-validation, we challenged our fitted model to make out-of-sample pneumonia predictions during pandemic and non-pandemic periods. The consistency in our inference tests carried out on several distinct datasets, and the predictive skill of our model increase confidence in our overall conclusion that influenza infection substantially enhances the risk of pneumonia, though only for a short period.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.