ArticlePloS one2015
In Vivo Quantification of Inflammation in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Rats Using Fluorine-19 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Reveals Immune Cell Recruitment outside the Nervous System.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Linking tumor viability and immune infiltration with dual-nucleus MRI in preclinical models.Npj imaging · 2026Article
- The Environmental Impact of Medical Imaging Agents and the Roadmap to Sustainable Medical Imaging.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Systems Engineering Approach Towards Sensitive Cellular Fluorine-19 MRI.NMR in biomedicine · 2025Review
- Cryo-Fluorescence Tomography as a Tool for Visualizing Whole-Body Inflammation Using Perfluorocarbon Nanoemulsion Tracers.Molecular imaging and biology · 2024Article
- In vitro Quality Assessments of Perfluorocarbon Nanoemulsions for Near-infrared Fluorescence Imaging of Inflammation in Preclinical Models.Bio-protocol · 2023Article
- Opportunities for Molecular Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis Management: Linking Probe to Treatment.Radiology · 2022Review
- Article
- A Toolbox to Investigate the Impact of Impaired Oxygen Delivery in Experimental Disease Models.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Review
- Applications for Transition-Metal Chemistry in Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging.Inorganic chemistry · 2020Review
- Cell penetrating peptide functionalized perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions for targeted cell labeling and enhanced fluorine-19 MRI detection.Magnetic resonance in medicine · 2020Article
- Towards Quantification of Inflammation in Atherosclerotic Plaque in the Clinic - Characterization and Optimization of Fluorine-19 MRI in Mice at 3 T.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- A systematic optimization ofNeuroImage · 2019Article
- Longitudinal In Vivo Assessment of Host-Microbe Interactions in a Murine Model of Pulmonary Aspergillosis.iScience · 2019Article
- Improvement ofMagma (New York, N.Y.) · 2019Article
- PreclinicalMagma (New York, N.Y.) · 2019Article
- Fluorine-19 MRI at 21.1 T: enhanced spin-lattice relaxation of perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether and sensitivity as demonstrated in ex vivo murine neuroinflammation.Magma (New York, N.Y.) · 2019Article
- Chemistry of MRI Contrast Agents: Current Challenges and New Frontiers.Chemical reviews · 2019Review
- Myoinositol CEST signal in animals with increased Iba-1 levels in response to an inflammatory challenge-Preliminary findings.PloS one · 2019Article
- Visualization of macrophage recruitment in head and neck carcinoma model using fluorine-19 magnetic resonance imaging.Magnetic resonance in medicine · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Progress in identifying new therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) can be accelerated by using imaging biomarkers of disease progression or abatement in model systems. In this study, we evaluate the ability to noninvasively image and quantitate disease pathology using emerging "hot-spot" 19F MRI methods in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) rat, a model of MS. Rats with clinical symptoms of EAE were compared to control rats without EAE, as well as to EAE rats that received daily prophylactic treatments with cyclophosphamide. Perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanoemulsion was injected intravenously, which labels predominately monocytes and macrophages in situ. Analysis of the spin-density weighted 19F MRI data enabled quantification of the apparent macrophage burden in the central nervous system and other tissues. The in vivo MRI results were confirmed by extremely high-resolution 19F/1H magnetic resonance microscopy in excised tissue samples and histopathologic analyses. Additionally, 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of intact tissue samples was used to assay the PFC biodistribution in EAE and control rats. In vivo hot-spot 19F signals were detected predominantly in the EAE spinal cord, consistent with the presence of inflammatory infiltrates. Surprising, prominent 19F hot-spots were observed in bone-marrow cavities adjacent to spinal cord lesions; these were not observed in control animals. Quantitative evaluation of cohorts receiving cyclophosphamide treatment displayed significant reduction in 19F signal within the spinal cord and bone marrow of EAE rats. Overall, 19F MRI can be used to quantitatively monitored EAE disease burden, discover unexpected sites of inflammatory activity, and may serve as a sensitive biomarker for the discovery and preclinical assessment of novel MS therapeutic interventions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.