ArticleThe Journal of clinical investigation2015
High salt reduces the activation of IL-4- and IL-13-stimulated macrophages.
Article in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 172 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
172 citing papers in PubMed, 274 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of altered salt intake and diet on cytokines in humans: A 20-week randomized cross-over intervention study.European journal of immunology · 2023Trial
- Immunological Impact of a Gluten-Free Dairy-Free Diet in Children With Kidney Disease: A Feasibility Study.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Trial
- Trial
- Salt and chronic kidney disease.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2026Review
- Vitronectin metabolically programs profibrotic macrophages in 3D cultures and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.Science advances · 2026Article
- High-salt diet in macrophage-associated metabolic disorders: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Chinese medical journal · 2026Review
- Sodium intake and asthma pathophysiology: time to unravel an old mystery?ERJ open research · 2026Article
- Synergistic Effects of Normal-Range Serum Sodium and Potassium on Mortality: The Modifying Role of Inflammation From a NHANES Cohort Analysis.Chronic diseases and translational medicine · 2026Article
- Hypertension-Induced Renal Injury: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Perspectives.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- From high-salt diet to cancer immunity: gut microbiota and immune system interactions and their mechanisms.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Blood pressure reduction and anti-inflammatory macrophage augmentation attenuate uterine immune dysregulation and inflammation in mice with salt-sensitive hypertension.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2025Article
- Dietary Sodium-Potassium Imbalance and Hypertension: Causal Pathways Involving Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis, Inflammation, and Metabolic Disorders.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Article
- High-salt-driven gut microbiota dysfunction aggravates prostatitis by promoting AHR/SGK1/FOXO1 axis-mediated Th17 cell differentiation.Military Medical Research · 2025Article
- Article
- Dietary salt, vascular dysfunction, and cognitive impairment.Cardiovascular research · 2025Review
- Aging and sex differences in salt sensitivity of blood pressure.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2025Review
- Metal Ion Signaling in Biomedicine.Chemical reviews · 2025Review
- Maternal nutrition and offspring lung health: sex-specific pathway modulation in fibrosis, metabolism, and immunity.Food & nutrition research · 2025Article
- The immune-microbiome axis in salt-sensitive hypertension: a focus on renal and neural mechanisms.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Review
- Recent advances in the role of high-salt diet in anti- and pro-cancer progression.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
112 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
21 authors at 7 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
A high intake of dietary salt (NaCl) has been implicated in the development of hypertension, chronic inflammation, and autoimmune diseases. We have recently shown that salt has a proinflammatory effect and boosts the activation of Th17 cells and the activation of classical, LPS-induced macrophages (M1). Here, we examined how the activation of alternative (M2) macrophages is affected by salt. In stark contrast to Th17 cells and M1 macrophages, high salt blunted the alternative activation of BM-derived mouse macrophages stimulated with IL-4 and IL-13, M(IL-4+IL-13) macrophages. Salt-induced reduction of M(IL-4+IL-13) activation was not associated with increased polarization toward a proinflammatory M1 phenotype. In vitro, high salt decreased the ability of M(IL-4+IL-13) macrophages to suppress effector T cell proliferation. Moreover, mice fed a high salt diet exhibited reduced M2 activation following chitin injection and delayed wound healing compared with control animals. We further identified a high salt-induced reduction in glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolic output, coupled with blunted AKT and mTOR signaling, which indicates a mechanism by which NaCl inhibits full M2 macrophage activation. Collectively, this study provides evidence that high salt reduces noninflammatory innate immune cell activation and may thus lead to an overall imbalance in immune homeostasis.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.