ArticleEnvironment international2016
Nail polish as a source of exposure to triphenyl phosphate.
Article in Environment international, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 82 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Systematic evidence map on the association between exposure to personal care products and fetal growth.Environment international · 2026Pooled it
- Maternal exposure to specific endocrine-disrupting chemicals and gestational diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2025Pooled it
- Improving the knowledge and behavior of workplace chemical exposures in Vietnamese-American nail salon workers: a randomized controlled trial.International archives of occupational and environmental health · 2018Trial
- Urinary biomarkers of PAHs, VOCs, OPEs, and metal(loid)s in firefighters responding in the wildland urban interface (WUI).International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2026Article
- Association between maternal organophosphate esters metabolite levels during pregnancy and internalizing and externalizing behaviors in children at 2-5 years.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Article
- Sex-specific disruption of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) density in the social brain neural network by Firemaster 550.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2026Article
- Organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers in house dust and Child Behavior Checklist outcomes: A nested study in the Canadian CHILD Birth Cohort.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Spatioseasonal Variability and Correlations of Particle-Bound Organophosphate Esters in Providence, Rhode Island.ACS omega · 2025Article
- Review
- Article
- Dermal Exposure to Organophosphorus Compounds in Home Video Game Controllers.Environment & health (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Article
- The Safety of Nail Products: Health Threats in the Nail Industry.International journal of dermatology · 2025Review
- [Internal exposure characteristics and health risk assessment of organophosphate esters in urban residents].Se pu = Chinese journal of chromatography · 2025Article
- Breathing hazards: Perspective on the adverse health effects of organophosphate flame retardants.Journal of hazardous materials advances · 2025Article
- Article
- Nail Polishes: A Review on Composition, Presence of Toxic Components, and Inadequate Labeling.Dermatology research and practice · 2025Review
- Wristband Personal Passive Samplers and Suspect Screening Methods Highlight Gender Disparities in Chemical Exposures.Environmental science & technology · 2024Article
- Biomarkers of Organophosphate and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Flame Retardants of American Workers and Associations with Inhalation and Dermal Exposures.Environmental science & technology · 2024Article
- Organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers in house dust and mental health outcomes among Canadian mothers: A nested prospective cohort study in CHILD.Environmental research · 2024Article
- Exploring the Occurrence of Organic Contaminants in Human Semen through an Innovative LC-HRMS-Based Methodology Suitable for Target and Nontarget Analysis.Environmental science & technology · 2023Article
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is primarily used as either a flame retardant or plasticizer, and is listed as an ingredient in nail polishes. However, the concentration of TPHP in nail polish and the extent of human exposure following applications have not been previously studied. We measured TPHP in ten different nail polish samples purchased from department stores and pharmacies in 2013-2014. Concentrations up to 1.68% TPHP by weight were detected in eight samples, including two that did not list TPHP as an ingredient. Two cohorts (n=26 participants) were recruited to assess fingernail painting as a pathway of TPHP exposure. Participants provided urine samples before and after applying one brand of polish containing 0.97% TPHP by weight. Diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), a TPHP metabolite, was then measured in urine samples (n=411) and found to increase nearly seven-fold 10-14h after fingernail painting (p<0.001). To determine relative contributions of inhalation and dermal exposure, ten participants also painted their nails and painted synthetic nails adhered to gloves on two separate occasions, and collected urine for 24h following applications. Urinary DPHP was significantly diminished when wearing gloves, suggesting that the primary exposure route is dermal. Our results indicate that nail polish may be a significant source of short-term TPHP exposure and a source of chronic exposure for frequent users or those occupationally exposed.
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