Observational studyEuropean journal of nutrition2017
Estimation of salt intake assessed by urinary excretion of sodium over 24 h in Spanish subjects aged 7-11 years.
Observational study in European journal of nutrition, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 41 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Sodium Sources and Sodium Intake in a Representative Sample of Spanish Children and Its Effects on Body Weight and Blood Pressure
Education to Decrease in Sodium Intake in University Students Evaluated With 24 Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion: Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of 24-h urinary output of children and adolescents: impact on the assessment of iodine status using urinary biomarkers.European journal of nutrition · 2020Pooled it
- High sodium intake increases blood pressure and risk of kidney disease. From the Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes (August 2016 to March 2017).Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2018Pooled it
- Trial
- Sodium, potassium and blood pressure in Australian schoolchildren: exploring differences by sex and weight status-a cross-sectional study.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2026Article
- An evaluation of changes in the sodium content of processed foods in Spain: assessing compliance with the 2025 WHO targets.European journal of nutrition · 2025Article
- Article
- Obesity and hypertension in children and adolescents.Clinical hypertension · 2024Review
- The Future for the Children of Tomorrow: Avoiding Salt in the First 1000 Days.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Assessment of 24 h Sodium and Potassium Urinary Excretion in Normotensive and Hypertensive Dominican Adults.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Initiatives to Reduce the Content of Sodium in Food Products and Meals and Improve the Population's Health.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Angiotensin II type 2 receptor activation preserves megalin in the kidney and prevents proteinuria in high salt diet fed rats.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Estimation of Salt Intake in Normotensive and Hypertensive Children: The Role of Body Weight.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Genetic diet interactions ofFrontiers in nutrition · 2023Review
- Agreement between 24-hour urine and 24-hour food recall in measuring salt intake in primary school children in Australia.Nutrition journal · 2022Article
- Sodium and potassium intakes and adiposity among Iranian pre-adolescents and adolescents: a cross-sectional study.Nutrition journal · 2022Observational
- Assessing the Association of Sodium, Potassium Intake and Sodium/Potassium Ratio on Blood Pressure and Central Adiposity Measurements amongst Ellisras Undernourished, Rural Children Aged 5-13 Years: South Africa.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Consistency between 3 days' dietary records and 24-h urine in estimating salt intake in children and adolescents.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Hypertension of liver-yang hyperactivity syndrome induced by a high salt diet by altering components of the gut microbiota associated with the glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Review
- Sodium and Potassium Excretion of Schoolchildren and Relationship with Their Family Excretion in China.Nutrients · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeHigh intake of salt is associated with early development of cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., hypertension, obesity). In "developed" countries, individuals frequently exceed dietary recommendations for salt intake. Taking into account the limited data on sodium intake by 24-h excretion in urine in schoolchildren, we wished to determine baseline salt intake in Spanish subjects aged 7-11 years.
methodsThe present study was an observational study involving 205 schoolchildren (109 boys and 96 girls) selected from various Spanish provinces. Sodium intake was ascertained by measuring sodium excretion in urine over 24 h. Creatinine was used to validate completeness of urine collections. The correlation between fat-free mass determined by anthropometry and that determined via urinary excretion of creatinine was calculated (r = 0.651; p < 0.001).
resultsMean 24-h urinary excretion of sodium was 132.7 ± 51.4 mmol/24 h (salt equivalent: 7.8 ± 3.1 g/day). Hence, 84.5 % of subjects aged ≤10 years had intakes of >4 g salt/day, and 66.7 % of those aged >10 years had intakes of >5 g salt/day. Urinary excretion of sodium was correlated with systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.1574 and r = 0.1400, respectively). Logistic regression analyses, adjusted by sex, showed that a high body mass index (odds ratio = 1.159; 95 % CI 1.041-1.290; p < 0.05) was associated with an increased likelihood of high urinary excretion of sodium.
conclusionsSodium intake, as estimated by 24-h urinary excretion, was (on average) higher than recommended. Reducing the sodium content children's diet is a sound policy to reduce cardiovascular risk.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.