ReviewMetabolic brain disease2016
The concept of "the inflamed brain" in acute liver failure: mechanisms and new therapeutic opportunities.
Review in Metabolic brain disease, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of imbalanced gut microbial on mice with type a hepatic encephalopathy through the gut-liver-brain axis.Metabolic brain disease · 2026Article
- Liver-nervous system axis: pathways, dysregulation, and translational perspectives.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- Beyond the Brain: Exploring the multi-organ axes in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Bile duct ligation-induced cirrhosis does not alter the blood-brain barrier permeability to sucrose in rats.Metabolic brain disease · 2024Article
- Comprehensive analysis of brain injury parameters in a preclinical porcine model of acute liver failure.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- Anti-inflammatory strategies for hepatic encephalopathy: preclinical studies.Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria · 2023Review
- Associations between physical activity and cognitive dysfunction in older companion dogs: results from the Dog Aging Project.GeroScience · 2023Observational
- Cellular Pathogenesis of Hepatic Encephalopathy: An Update.Biomolecules · 2023Review
- Curcumin prevents cognitive deficits in the bile duct ligated rats.Psychopharmacology · 2020Article
- Article
- Intensive Care Management of Acute Liver Failure: Considerations While Awaiting Liver Transplantation.Journal of clinical and translational hepatology · 2019Review
- Astrocytes and Glutamine Synthetase in Epileptogenesis.Journal of neuroscience research · 2019Review
- Hepatic encephalopathy: Lessons from preclinical studies.World journal of hepatology · 2019Review
- Hyperammonemia in Hepatic Encephalopathy.Journal of clinical and experimental hepatology · 2018Review
- Update in Hepatic Encephalopathy.Journal of clinical and experimental hepatology · 2018Article
- Association of viral hepatitis and bipolar disorder: a nationwide population-based study.Journal of translational medicine · 2018Article
- Management of Acute Liver Failure: A Pediatric Perspective.Current pediatrics reports · 2018Review
- Effects of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury on the blood-brain barrier permeability to [Metabolic brain disease · 2017Article
- Role of inflammation and infection in the pathogenesis of human acute liver failure: Clinical implications for monitoring and therapy.World journal of gastroenterology · 2016Review
- Brain Edema in Chronic Hepatic Encephalopathy.Journal of clinical and experimental hepatologyReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The presence and severity of a systemic inflammatory response is a major predictor of brain edema and encephalopathy in acute liver failure (ALF) and polymorphisms of the gene coding for the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha are known to influence the clinical outcome in ALF. Recent reports provide robust evidence for a role of neuroinflammation(inflammation of the brain per se) in ALF with the cardinal features of neuroinflammation including activation of microglial cells and increased production in situ of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and interleukins IL-1beta and IL-6. Multiple liver-brain signalling pathways have been proposed to explain the phenomenon of neuroinflammation in liver failure and these include direct effects of systemically-derived cytokines, recruitment of monocytes relating to microglial activation as well as effects of liver failure-derived toxins and altered permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Synergistic mechanisms involving ammonia and cytokines have been proposed. Currently-available strategies aimed at lowering of blood ammonia such as lactulose, probiotics and rifaximin have the potential to dampen systemic inflammation as does the anti-oxidant N-acetyl cysteine, mild hypothermia and albumin dialysis. Experimental studies demonstrate that deletion of genes coding for TNF-alpha or IL-1 leads to attenuation of the CNS consequences of ALF and administration of the TNF-alpha receptor antagonist etanercept has comparable beneficial effects in experimental ALF. Together, these findings confirm a major role for central neuroinflammatory mechanisms in general and mechanisms involving TNF-alpha in particular in the pathogenesis of the cerebral consequences of ALF and open the door to novel therapeutic interventions in this often fatal disorder.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.