SynthesisPharmacoEconomics2016
Methods for Health Economic Evaluation of Vaccines and Immunization Decision Frameworks: A Consensus Framework from a European Vaccine Economics Community.
Synthesis in PharmacoEconomics, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The Use of EQ-5D in the Middle East and North Africa Region: A Systematic Literature Review.PharmacoEconomics · 2025Pooled it
- Incorporating Social Determinants of Health in Infectious Disease Models: A Systematic Review of Guidelines.Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making · 2024Pooled it
- A comprehensive review of official discount rates in guidelines of health economic evaluations over time: the trends and roots.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2022Pooled it
- Recommendations and Health Technology Assessment (HTA) landscape evaluation for pediatric pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) in Europe: A systematic literature review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Pooled it
- Economic burden of varicella in Europe in the absence of universal varicella vaccination.BMC public health · 2021Pooled it
- Inclusion of Additional Unintended Consequences in Economic Evaluation: A Systematic Review of Immunization and Tuberculosis Cost-Effectiveness Analyses.PharmacoEconomics - open · 2021Pooled it
- Guidelines for multi-model comparisons of the impact of infectious disease interventions.BMC medicine · 2019Guideline
- A systematic review of health economic evaluations of vaccines in Brazil.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2017Pooled it
- Optimizing pneumococcal prevention in South African older adults: Cost-effectiveness of PCV20 versus PPSV23 in the context of HIV-associated risk.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Indirect Effects in Health Economic Models of Vaccines: Should We Include Them, and How Do We Model Them?Applied health economics and health policy · 2026Review
- Guidelines on reporting and assessing dynamic mathematical models of infectious diseases: a scoping review.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Article
- Public health impact and cost-effectiveness of introducing MenACWY vaccination strategies in Germany.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Economic Evaluation of Adolescent Vaccination with Serogroup ACWY and C Meningococcal Vaccines in Germany.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2025Article
- A unified framework for diagnostic test development and evaluation during outbreaks of emerging infections.Communications medicine · 2024Review
- Public Health Impact and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of 4-Component Meningococcal Serotype B Vaccination for Infants in France.PharmacoEconomics - open · 2024Article
- Evaluating the Validation Process: Embracing Complexity and Transparency in Health Economic Modelling.PharmacoEconomics · 2024Article
- New Vaccine Platforms-Novel Dimensions of Economic and Societal Value and Their Measurement.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Review
- Article
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
20 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIncremental cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analyses [health economic evaluations (HEEs)] of vaccines are routinely considered in decision making on immunization in various industrialized countries. While guidelines advocating more standardization of such HEEs (mainly for curative drugs) exist, several immunization-specific aspects (e.g. indirect effects or discounting approach) are still a subject of debate within the scientific community.
objectiveThe objective of this study was to develop a consensus framework for HEEs of vaccines to support the development of national guidelines in Europe.
methodsA systematic literature review was conducted to identify prevailing issues related to HEEs of vaccines. Furthermore, European experts in the field of health economics and immunization decision making were nominated and asked to select relevant aspects for discussion. Based on this, a workshop was held with these experts. Aspects on 'mathematical modelling', 'health economics' and 'decision making' were debated in group-work sessions (GWS) to formulate recommendations and/or--if applicable--to state 'pros' and 'contras'.
resultsA total of 13 different aspects were identified for modelling and HEE: model selection, time horizon of models, natural disease history, measures of vaccine-induced protection, duration of vaccine-induced protection, indirect effects apart from herd protection, target population, model calibration and validation, handling uncertainty, discounting, health-related quality of life, cost components, and perspectives. For decision making, there were four aspects regarding the purpose and the integration of HEEs of vaccines in decision making as well as the variation of parameters within uncertainty analyses and the reporting of results from HEEs. For each aspect, background information and an expert consensus were formulated.
conclusionsThere was consensus that when HEEs are used to prioritize healthcare funding, this should be done in a consistent way across all interventions, including vaccines. However, proper evaluation of vaccines implies using tools that are not commonly used for therapeutic drugs. Due to the complexity of and uncertainties around vaccination, transparency in the documentation of HEEs and during subsequent decision making is essential.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.