ArticleEuropean journal of applied physiology2016
Gender differences in power production, energetic capacity and efficiency of elite cross‑country skiers during whole‑body, upper‑body, and arm poling.
Article in European journal of applied physiology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- Running Assessed Maximal Oxygen Uptake Increases with Participant Classification Framework Tier in Overall Cross-Country Skiing Performance: A Systematic Review with Meta-regressions.Sports medicine - open · 2026Pooled it
- Peak oxygen uptake in Paralympic sitting sports: A systematic literature review, meta- and pooled-data analysis.PloS one · 2018Pooled it
- The effect of sodium bicarbonate mini-tablets ingested in a carbohydrate hydrogel system on 40 km cycling time trial performance and metabolism in trained male cyclists.European journal of applied physiology · 2024Trial
- Exercise-induced trunk fatigue decreases double poling performance in well-trained cross-country skiers.European journal of applied physiology · 2018Trial
- Common questions and misconceptions of sodium bicarbonate as an ergogenic aid: what does the science really show?Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2026Review
- Sex differences in speed and sub-technique selection in elite sprint cross-country skiers: a time-trial qualification analysis.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Article
- Effect of Oral Versus Nasal Breathing on Muscular Performance, Muscle Oxygenation, and Post-Exercise Recovery.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- On the estimation of total muscle work done in human walking.The Journal of experimental biology · 2025Article
- Sex Differences in Double Poling Performance: The Role of Upper-Body Strength and Endurance in Youth Elite Cross-Country Skiers and Biathletes.European journal of sport science · 2025Article
- Reliability and criterion validity of the concept 2 SkiErg™ to assess 1,000-m on-snow, time trial performance-a case study.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2025Article
- Artificially induced altitudes aerobic and anaerobic performance differences on double-poling ergometer in elite young cross-country skiers.F1000Research · 2025Article
- Sex differences in elite ski mountaineering aerobic performance.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2025Article
- Sex Differences in Performance and Performance-Determining Factors in the Olympic Winter Endurance Sports.Sports medicine - open · 2024Review
- Leg cycling efficiency is unaltered in healthy aging regardless of sex or training status.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2024Article
- Aerobic capacity and respiratory indices of junior cross-country skiers and biathletes during incremental exercise testing.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Use of Buffers in Specific Contexts: Highly Trained Female Athletes, Extreme Environments and Combined Buffering Agents-A Narrative Review.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Review
- Nutritional intake and anthropometric characteristics are associated with endurance performance and markers of low energy availability in young female cross-country skiers.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2023Observational
- A Scoping Review of Transgender Policies in the 15 Most Commonly Played UK Professional Sports.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- A Comparison of Double Poling Physiology and Kinematics Between Long-Distance and All-Round Cross-Country Skiers.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2022Article
- The Effect of Lower Body Anaerobic Pre-Loading on Upper Body Ergometer Time Trial Performance.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo characterize gender differences in power output, energetic capacity and exercise efficiency during whole-body (WP), upper-body (UP), and arm poling (AP).
methodsTen male and ten female elite cross-country skiers, matched for international performance level, completed three incremental submaximal tests and a 3-min self-paced performance test on a Concept2 SkiErg. Power output, cardiorespiratory and kinematic variables were monitored. Body composition was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.
resultsThe men demonstrated 87, 97 and 103% higher power output, and 51, 65 and 71% higher VO2peak (L min(−1)) than the women during WP, UP and AP, respectively, while utilizing ~10% more of their running VO2max in all modes (all P < 0.001). The men had 35, 38 and 59% more lean mass in the whole body, upper body and arms (all P < 0.001). The men exhibited greater shoulder and elbow extension at the start of poling and greater trunk flexion at the end of poling (all P < 0.05). The relationship between VO2 and power output did not differ between the men and women.
conclusionsGender differences in power production and peak aerobic capacity increased sequentially from WP to UP to AP, coinciding with a greater portion of the muscle mass in the arms of the men. Although the men and women employed each poling technique differently, the estimated efficiency of double poling was independent of gender.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.