ArticleJournal of leukocyte biology2016
HCV-infected cells and differentiation increase monocyte immunoregulatory galectin-9 production.
Article in Journal of leukocyte biology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed.
- Liver Macrophages in the Pathogenesis of Viral Hepatitis.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Microscopic messengers: roles and prospects of extracellular vesicles in hepatitis B and C.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Galectin-9-An Emerging Glyco-Immune Checkpoint Target for Cancer Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Unveiling the nexus between direct-acting antivirals in hepatitis C virus elimination and immune response.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025Review
- Galectin-9: diverse roles in skin disease.Frontiers in allergy · 2025Review
- Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Liver Diseases.Viruses · 2024Review
- Extracellular Vesicles inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Plasma galectin-9 levels correlate with blood monocyte turnover and predict simian/human immunodeficiency virus disease progression.Translational medicine communications · 2024Article
- The regulating role of galectin-9 in immune cell populations.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Review
- Extracellular Vesicles in Hepatobiliary Health and Disease.Comprehensive Physiology · 2023Review
- The emerging roles of extracellular vesicles as intercellular messengers in liver physiology and pathology.Clinical and molecular hepatology · 2022Review
- Exosome-mediated effects and applications in inflammatory diseases of the digestive system.European journal of medical research · 2022Review
- Article
- Hepatitis C Virus Alters Macrophage Cholesterol Metabolism Through Interaction with Scavenger Receptors.Viral immunology · 2022Article
- Hepatocytes: A key role in liver inflammation.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- H-TEX-mediated signaling between hepatocellular carcinoma cells and macrophages and exosome-targeted therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Dual roles and potential applications of exosomes in HCV infections.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
- Role of extracellular vesicles in liver diseases and their therapeutic potential.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2021Review
- Neutrophils promote T-cell activation through the regulated release of CD44-bound Galectin-9 from the cell surface during HIV infection.PLoS biology · 2021Article
- Galectin-9 Promotes Neuronal Restoration via Binding TLR-4 in a Rat Intracerebral Hemorrhage Model.Neuromolecular medicine · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The lectin galectin-9 may help establish and maintain chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Galectin-9 is elevated in the liver and sera of hepatitis C virus patients, induces apoptosis of hepatitis C virus-specific T cells, and increases inhibitory regulatory T cells. Kupffer cells stain strongly for galectin-9 protein in hepatitis C virus patients. In the current study, we determined stimuli that induce galectin-9 production by monocytes and macrophages in hepatitis C virus infection. With the use of real-time PCR and flow cytometry, we analyzed galectin-9 mRNA and protein from human monocytes cocultured with hepatitis C virus-infected cells or noninfectious hepatitis C virus subgenomic replicon cells. We focused on finding the stimuli for galectin-9 production. Additionally, we measured galectin-9 during monocyte-to-macrophage maturation. Finally, we examined galectin-9 in peripheral monocytes from hepatitis C virus patients using flow cytometry. Galectin-9 mRNA increased 8-fold when primary monocytes were exposed to hepatitis C virus--infected cells. Maximum induction required proximity or contact and did not require IFN-γ or hepatitis C virus virions. Coculture of monocytes with subgenomic replicon cells increased galectin-9 5-fold, and purified exosomes from infected cells stimulated galectin-9 production. Stimulation of monocyte TLR3, -7, and -8 increased galectin-9 production. Differentiation of monocytes to macrophages increased galectin-9, and nonclassic monocytes from hepatitis C virus patients had the highest levels of galectin-9. Hepatitis C virus-infected cells stimulated monocytes to produce galectin-9 in close proximity, possibly, in part, as a result of exosomes and endosomal TLRs. Differentiation of monocytes to macrophages increased galectin-9. Nonclassic monocytes from hepatitis C virus patients express the highest galectin-9 levels, suggesting they may contribute to elevated galectin-9 and adaptive immune inhibition in hepatitis C virus infection.
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