ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2015
RETRACTED: Shikonin Inhibits the Migration and Invasion of Human Glioblastoma Cells by Targeting Phosphorylated β-Catenin and Phosphorylated PI3K/Akt: A Potential Mechanism for the Anti-Glioma Efficacy of a Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. Cited by 47 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 97 citations in OpenAlex.
- Shikonin inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition in glioblastoma cells by upregulating p53 and promoting miR-361-5p level to suppress ZEB1 expression.BMC neuroscience · 2025Article
- RETRACTED: Zhang et al. Shikonin Inhibits the Migration and Invasion of Human Glioblastoma Cells by Targeting Phosphorylated β-Catenin and Phosphorylated PI3K/Akt: A Potential Mechanism for the Anti-Glioma Efficacy of a Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- A novel approach to glioblastoma multiforme treatment using modulation of key pathways by naturally occurring small molecules.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Review
- The Small Molecules of Plant Origin with Anti-Glioma Activity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Harnessing the role of aberrant cell signaling pathways in glioblastoma multiforme: a prospect towards the targeted therapy.Molecular biology reports · 2024Review
- Mocetinostat as a novel selective histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor in the promotion of apoptosis in glioblastoma cell line C6 and T98G.Research square · 2024Article
- Tanshinone IIA inhibits proliferation and migration by downregulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in small cell lung cancer cells.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2024Article
- Novel Natural Inhibitors for Glioblastoma by Targeting Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Phosphoinositide 3-kinase.Current medicinal chemistry · 2024Article
- Targeting glycolysis: exploring a new frontier in glioblastoma therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Shikonin Causes an Apoptotic Effect on Human Kidney Cancer Cells through Ras/MAPK and PI3K/AKT Pathways.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Review
- Shikonin Induces ROS-Dependent Apoptosis Via Mitochondria Depolarization and ER Stress in Adult T Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Heterophyllin B inhibits the malignant phenotypes of gastric cancer cells via CXCR4.Human cell · 2023Article
- In Vitro Cytotoxic Effects and Mechanisms of Action of Eleutherine Isolated fromMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Current Opportunities for Targeting Dysregulated Neurodevelopmental Signaling Pathways in Glioblastoma.Cells · 2022Review
- Synergistic Antibacterial Activity with Conventional Antibiotics and Mechanism of Action of Shikonin against Methicillin-ResistantInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- OncomiRs as noncoding RNAs having functions in cancer: Their role in immune suppression and clinical implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- A System Bioinformatics Approach Predicts the Molecular Mechanism Underlying the Course of Action of Radix Salviae Reverses GBM Effects.Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2021Article
- Ampelopsin Inhibits Cell Viability and Metastasis in Renal Cell Carcinoma by Negatively Regulating the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway.Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2021Article
- Design, synthesis and anticancer activity of naphthoquinone derivatives.Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
- Retraction · 2025-06-20Author Unresponsive · Duplication of/in Image · Investigation by Journal/Publisher · Investigation by Third Party · Manipulation of Images · Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions · · See also: https://pubpeer.com/publications/2292DF7CF7DF862A5A30E25B346110
- Retracted
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Shikonin is an anthraquinone derivative extracted from the root of lithospermum. Shikonin is traditionally used in the treatment of inflammatory and infectious diseases such as hepatitis. Shikonin also inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in various tumors. However, the effect of shikonin on gliomas has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of shikonin on the migration and invasion of human glioblastoma cells as well as the underlying mechanisms. U87 and U251 human glioblastoma cells were treated with shikonin at 2.5, 5, and 7.5 μmol/L and cell viability, migration and invasiveness were assessed with CCK8, scratch wound healing, in vitro Transwell migration, and invasion assays. The expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and the expression of phosphorylated β-catenin (p-β-catenin) and phosphorylated PI3K/Akt were also checked. Results showed that shikonin significantly inhibited the cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in U87 and U251 cells. The expression of p-β-catenin showed contrary trends in two cell lines. It was significantly inhibited in U87 cells and promoted in U251 cells. Results in this work indicated that shikonin displayed an inhibitory effect on the migration and invasion of glioma cells by inhibiting the expression and activity of MMP-2 and -9. In addition, shikonin also inhibited the expression of p-PI3K and p-Akt to attenuate cell migration and invasion and MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in both cell lines, which could be reversed by the PI3K/Akt pathway agonist, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.