Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26469289›Full record

ArticleThe European journal of neuroscience2015

Effects of social defeat on dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area in male and female California mice.

Gian D Greenberg, Michael Q Steinman, Ian E Doig, Rebecca Hao, Brian C Trainor

Open access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in The European journal of neuroscience, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
31citing papers in PubMed
8.1field-weighted citation impact, top 3% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

31 citing papers in PubMed, 50 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Neural basis of social hierarchy across species.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2026
    Review
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Sexual differentiation of neural mechanisms of stress sensitivity during puberty.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023
    Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Review
  17. Non-pharmacological factors that determine drug use and addiction.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2020
    Review
  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Gian D GreenbergNeuroscience Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
Michael Q SteinmanDepartment of Psychology, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
Ian E DoigDepartment of Psychology, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
Rebecca HaoDepartment of Psychology, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
Brian C TrainorNeuroscience Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
University of California, Davis · US

Funding

Training Program in Basic NeuroscienceT32MH082174 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT DAVIS · PI W MARTIN USREY · 2007 to 2026
$3.1M
Sex differences in mesolimbic dopamine responses to social stressR01MH097714 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT DAVIS · PI TRAINOR, BRIAN C · 2013 to 2013
$373k
Sex Differences in the Roles of Oxytocin and Vasopressin in Social WithdrawalF31MH095253 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT DAVIS · PI STEINMAN, MICHAEL Q. · 2011 to 2014
$93k
NIMH NIH HHS F31 MH095253NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH097714NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH097714 01A1NIMH NIH HHS T32 MH082174NIMH NIH HHS T32 MH 82174-3
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) have important functions related to rewards but are also activated in aversive contexts. Electrophysiology studies suggest that the degree to which VTA dopamine neurons respond to noxious stimuli is topographically organized across the dorsal-ventral extent. We used c-fos immunohistochemistry to examine the responses of VTA dopamine neurons in contexts of social defeat and social approach. Studying monogamous California mice (Peromyscus californicus) allowed us to observe the effects of social defeat on both males and females. Females exposed to three episodes of defeat, but not a single episode, had more tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)/c-fos-positive cells in the ventral (but not dorsal) VTA compared with controls. This observation suggests that repeated exposure to aversive contexts is necessary to trigger activation of VTA dopamine neurons. Defeat did not affect TH/c-fos colocalizations in males. We also examined the long-term effects of defeat on c-fos expression in a social interaction test. As previously reported, defeat reduced social interaction in females but not males. Surprisingly, there were no effects of defeat stress on TH/c-fos colocalizations in any subregion of the VTA. However, females had more TH/c-fos-positive cells than males across the entire VTA, and also had greater c-fos-positive cell counts in posterior subregions of the nucleus accumbens shell. Our results show that dopamine neurons in the VTA are more responsive to social contexts in females and that the ventral VTA in particular is sensitive to aversive contexts.

Indexed as

Dominance-SubordinationSex CharacteristicsAnimalsCell CountFemaleImage Processing, Computer-AssistedImmunohistochemistryMaleMotor ActivityNeuronsPeromyscusPhotomicrographyProto-Oncogene Proteins c-fosPsychological TestsStress, PsychologicalTyrosine 3-MonooxygenaseProto-Oncogene Proteins c-fosTyrosine 3-Monooxygenasebehaviourbehavioural neurosciencedopaminesex differencesstress

Identifiers

PMID26469289
PMCPMC4715680
OpenAlexW1922108528

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.