SynthesisNeurotoxicity research2016
Neutralizing Antibody and Botulinum Toxin Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Neurotoxicity research, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 106 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Secondary Treatment Failure and Immunogenicity With Botulinum Neurotoxin A in Multiple Indications.European journal of neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Botulinum toxin type A versus botulinum toxin type B for cervical dystonia.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2016Pooled it
- Botulinum toxin type B for cervical dystonia.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2016Pooled it
- Efficacy and Safety of CKDB-501A in Treating Moderate-To-Severe Glabellar Lines: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled, Multi-Center Phase III Trial.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2025Trial
- A Randomized, Double-Blind, Active Control, Multicenter, Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of LiztoxToxins · 2023Trial
- Long-term Safety and Tolerability of Repeated Treatments With OnabotulinumtoxinA in Children With Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity.The Journal of urology · 2023Trial
- Trial
- [Expert consensus in Southwest China on the application of botulinum toxin type A in upper and mid-facial aesthetics].Hua xi kou qiang yi xue za zhi = Huaxi kouqiang yixue zazhi = West China journal of stomatology · 2026Article
- Article
- Observational
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Secondary Treatment Failure and Immunogenicity with Botulinum Neurotoxin A in Multiple Indications-Comment on Recommending IncobotulinumtoxinA as First-Line to Prevent Secondary Treatment Failure [Letter].European journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Exploring Nonresponse to Botulinum Toxin in Aesthetics: Narrative Review of Key Trigger Factors and Effective Management Strategies.JMIR dermatology · 2025Review
- Computational Immunogenetic Analysis of Botulinum Toxin A Immunogenicity and HLA Gene Haplotypes: New Insights.Toxins · 2025Article
- Review
- Zinc in Dermatology: Exploring Its Emerging Role in Enhancing Botulinum Toxin Formulations and Clinical Efficacy.Current issues in molecular biology · 2024Review
- Review
- Review
- The Role of Botulinum Toxin Type-A in Spasticity: Research Trends from a Bibliometric Analysis.Toxins · 2024Review
- Complexing Protein-Free Botulinum Neurotoxin A Formulations: Implications of Excipients for Immunogenicity.Toxins · 2024Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The formation of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) directed specifically against the active neurotoxin part of the botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) complex is often cited as a major cause of secondary non-responsiveness (SnR) to treatment. This systematic and meta-analytic review evaluates the frequency of NAbs among patients treated with BoNT therapy for any clinical indication. A comprehensive database search strategy was designed to retrieve relevant clinical data from the published literature up to April 2013. All English-language publications that analyzed NAbs prevalence in more than ten patients were included, regardless of BoNT formulation, assay method, and study design. For the meta-analysis, patients were divided into three categories: secondary nonresponse (SnR) patients, clinically responding patients and all patients, independently of BoNT responsiveness. The meta-analysis included 61 studies reporting data for 8525 patients; 4972 dystonic patients, 1170 patients with spasticity, 294 patients with urologic indications, 396 patient with hyperhidrosis, 1659 patients with glabellar line, and 34 patients with hypersalivation. Among the ‘‘all patients’’ group NAbs frequency was 20%for dystonia, 5.9%for spasticity, and 2.7% for urologic patients and 1.1% for other conditions. The prevalence of NAbs was lower (3.5%) among clinically responding patients and higher in 53.5%SnR patients. About a half of patients with SnR do not have NAbs. NAbs was high among patients treated with RIMA but it was not associated with clinical non-responsiveness. Meta-analysis of the frequency of NAbs and SnR are limited by the heterogeneity of study design and reported outcomes. Indeed the analysis of several factors that can influence the development of NAbs, i.e.,MHCof patients, frequency and site of injection, injection technique, cumulative dose, and toxin denaturation, was not specifically evaluated due to the paucity and heterogeneity of data. The identification of all these missing data should be taken into account in order to improve the methodology of future studies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.