ReviewCurrent neuropharmacology2015
Beyond Monoamines-Novel Targets for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Comprehensive Review.
Review in Current neuropharmacology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy, safety and mechanistic insights of pentoxifylline in major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Antidepressants and Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death: A Network Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Pooled it
- Disruptions of p11 (S100A10) and HPA Axis Homeostasis Participate in the Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Especially in Female Patients.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2025Trial
- Mechanisms of Exercise Training in Ameliorating Cognitive Function in Patients With Depression: A Narrative Review of Molecular Targets and Clinical Prescriptions.European journal of sport science · 2026Review
- The synaptic triad in depression: how stress-related pathways converge on BDNF, NMDA receptor, and MMP-9.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2026Review
- Rethinking the Treatment-Resistant Depression.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Association Between Plasma SITH-1 Antibody Titers and Treatment Trajectory of Treatment-Resistant Depression.Neuropsychopharmacology reports · 2025Article
- Acupuncture may play a key role in anti-depression through various mechanisms in depression.Chinese medicine · 2024Review
- Inflammation and Treatment-Resistant Depression from Clinical to Animal Study: A Possible Link?Neurology international · 2023Article
- Apigenin attenuates depressive-like behavior via modulating monoamine oxidase A enzyme activity in chronically stressed mice.Current research in pharmacology and drug discovery · 2023Article
- The Glutamatergic System in Treatment-Resistant Depression and Comparative Effectiveness of Ketamine and Esketamine: Role of Inflammation?Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2023Article
- Assessment of Objective and Subjective Cognitive Function in Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression Undergoing Repeated Ketamine Infusions.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2022Article
- Polymorphisms of COMT and CREB1 are associated with treatment-resistant depression in a Chinese Han population.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2022Article
- Class A and C GPCR Dimers in Neurodegenerative Diseases.Current neuropharmacology · 2022Review
- Vasopressin V1B Receptor Antagonists as Potential Antidepressants.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2021Review
- New approaches to symptomatic treatments for Alzheimer's disease.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2021Review
- Clinical Evidence of Antidepressant Effects of Insulin and Anti-Hyperglycemic Agents and Implications for the Pathophysiology of Depression-A Literature Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Ketamine and Ro 25-6981 Reverse Behavioral Abnormalities in Rats Subjected to Dietary Zinc Restriction.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Article
- Ongoing Research on the Role of Gintonin in the Management of Neurodegenerative Disorders.Cells · 2020Review
- Inflammation as a treatment target in mood disorders: review.BJPsych open · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Current first line therapies target modulation of the monoamine system. A large variety of agents are currently available that effectively alter monoamine levels; however, approximately one third of MDD patients remain treatment refractory after adequate trials of multiple monoamine based therapies. Therefore, patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) may require modulation of pathways outside of the classic monoamine system. The purpose of this review was thus to discuss novel targets for TRD, to describe their potential mechanisms of action, the available clinical evidence for these targets, the limitations of available evidence as well as future research directions. Several alternate pathways involved in the patho-etiology of TRD have been uncovered including the following: inflammatory pathways, the oxidative stress pathway, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the metabolic and bioenergetics system, neurotrophic pathways, the glutamate system, the opioid system and the cholinergic system. For each of these systems, several targets have been assessed in preclinical and clinical models. Preclinical models strongly implicate these pathways in the patho-etiology of MDD. Clinical trials for TRD have been conducted for several novel targets; however, most of the trials discussed are small and several are uncontrolled. Therefore, further clinical trials are required to assess the true efficacy of these targets for TRD. As well, several promising novel agents have been clinically tested in MDD populations, but have yet to be assessed specifically for TRD. Thus, their applicability to TRD remains unknown.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.