Observational studyThe New England journal of medicine2017
Ebola RNA Persistence in Semen of Ebola Virus Disease Survivors - Final Report.
Open access · bronzeAbstract readObservational Study
In one paragraph
Observational study in The New England journal of medicine, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 222 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
222citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
30.5field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
222 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 358 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Effect of SARS-CoV-2 on semen parameters: A meta-analysis of 39 articles from 15 countries.Journal of global health · 2024Pooled it
- Use of Ebola Vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2020.MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports · 2021Guideline
- Transmissibility and Pathogenicity of Ebola Virus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Household Secondary Attack Rate and Asymptomatic Infection.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2016Pooled it
- Improved VSV-Ebola-GP booster vaccination approach promotes antibody affinity maturation and durable anti-Ebola immunity in humans.Nature immunology · 2026Trial
- PREVAIL IV: A Randomized, Double-Blind, 2-Phase, Phase 2 Trial of Remdesivir vs Placebo for Reduction of Ebola Virus RNA in the Semen of Male Survivors.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Trial
- Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus localization and shedding in the reproductive tract of lethal and survivor mouse models.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Marburg virus persistence and clinical complications among recovered persons in Rwanda: a longitudinal study protocol.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Article
- Powassan Virus Infects Mouse Testes and Reveals a Protective Role for Phagocytic Cells.Viruses · 2026Article
- The 2026 Bundibugyo virus disease outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Virology, epidemiology, continental response, and research priorities.Infectious medicine · 2026Review
- On the 50th year responding to Ebola: mapping diagnostic, vaccine, and therapeutic gaps across ebolavirus species.MedScience · 2026Review
- Ebola Virus Persistence Beyond Acute Infection: Could HIV-Associated Immune Dysfunction Influence Survivor Biology?Viruses · 2026Review
- Five Hot Topics in Tropical Medicine: 2025.Infectious disease reports · 2026Review
- Recombinant Bombali ebolavirus in cynomolgus macaques as a survival model of Ebola virus disease.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Identification of a unique humoral immune signature of Sudan ebolavirus persistence in human survivors.Research square · 2026Article
- Characterization of atypical Ebola virus disease in ferrets.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Achievements and Challenges in Therapy and Vaccines Development of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: An Up-to-Date Review.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Oral immunization with filovirus-like particles partially protects IFNARScientific reports · 2026Article
- Cross-binding antibodies capable of neutralising diverse hantaviruses are produced in response to Puumala virus infection.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
162 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
59 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Gibrilla F DeenFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Nathalie BroutetFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Wenbo XuFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Barbara KnustFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Foday R SesayFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Suzanna L R McDonaldFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Elizabeth ErvinFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Jaclyn E MarrinanFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Philippe GaillardFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Ndema HabibFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Hongtu LiuFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
William LiuFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Anna E ThorsonFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Francis YambaFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Thomas A MassaquoiFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Faustin JamesFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Archchun AriyarajahFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Christine RossFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Kyle BernsteinFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Antoine CoursierFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
John KlenaFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Marylin CarinoFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Alie H WurieFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Yong ZhangFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Marion S DumbuyaFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Neetu AbadFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Baimba IdrissFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Teodora WiFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Sarah D BennettFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Tina DaviesFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Faiqa K EbrahimFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Elissa MeitesFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Dhamari NaidooFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Samuel J SmithFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Patricia OngpinFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Tasneem MalikFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Anshu BanerjeeFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Bobbie R EricksonFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Yongjian LiuFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Yang LiuFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Ke XuFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Aaron BraultFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Kara N DurskiFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Jörn WinterFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Tara SealyFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Stuart T NicholFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Margaret LamunuFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
James BanguraFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Sihem LandoulsiFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Amara JambaiFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Oliver MorganFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Guizhen WuFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Mifang LiangFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Qiudong SuFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Yu LanFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Yanzhe HaoFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Pierre FormentyFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Ute StröherFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Foday SahrFrom the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation (G.F.D., F.Y., F.J., A.H.W., S.J.S., J.B., A.J.), the Sierra Leone Ministry of Defense (F.R.S., T.A.M., M.S.D., B.I., F.S.), and the Sierra Leone Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children's Affairs (T.D.) - all in Freetown, Sierra Leone; World Health Organization (N.B., S.L.R.M., J.E.M., P.G., N.H., A.E.T., A.A., A.C., M.C., T.W., F.K.E., D.N., A. Banerjee, K.N.D., M. Lamunu, S.L., P.F.) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (P.O.), Geneva; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (W.X., H.L., W.L., Y.Z., Yongjian Liu, Yang Liu, K.X., G.W., M. Liang, Q.S., Y.H.) and Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology (Y. Lan), Beijing; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (B.K., E.E., C.R., K.B., J.K., N.A., S.D.B., E.M., T.M., B.R.E., A. Brault, J.W., T.S., S.T.N., O.M., U.S.).
Ministry of Health · BB
Funding
Intramural CDC HHS CC999999World Health Organization 001
Abstract
backgroundEbola virus has been detected in the semen of men after their recovery from Ebola virus disease (EVD). We report the presence of Ebola virus RNA in semen in a cohort of survivors of EVD in Sierra Leone.
methodsWe enrolled a convenience sample of 220 adult male survivors of EVD in Sierra Leone, at various times after discharge from an Ebola treatment unit (ETU), in two phases (100 participants were in phase 1, and 120 in phase 2). Semen specimens obtained at baseline were tested by means of a quantitative reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assay with the use of the target sequences of NP and VP40 (in phase 1) or NP and GP (in phase 2). This study did not evaluate directly the risk of sexual transmission of EVD.
resultsOf 210 participants who provided an initial semen specimen for analysis, 57 (27%) had positive results on quantitative RT-PCR. Ebola virus RNA was detected in the semen of all 7 men with a specimen obtained within 3 months after ETU discharge, in 26 of 42 (62%) with a specimen obtained at 4 to 6 months, in 15 of 60 (25%) with a specimen obtained at 7 to 9 months, in 4 of 26 (15%) with a specimen obtained at 10 to 12 months, in 4 of 38 (11%) with a specimen obtained at 13 to 15 months, in 1 of 25 (4%) with a specimen obtained at 16 to 18 months, and in no men with a specimen obtained at 19 months or later. Among the 46 participants with a positive result in phase 1, the median baseline cycle-threshold values (higher values indicate lower RNA values) for the NP and VP40 targets were lower within 3 months after ETU discharge (32.4 and 31.3, respectively; in 7 men) than at 4 to 6 months (34.3 and 33.1; in 25), at 7 to 9 months (37.4 and 36.6; in 13), and at 10 to 12 months (37.7 and 36.9; in 1). In phase 2, a total of 11 participants had positive results for NP and GP targets (samples obtained at 4.1 to 15.7 months after ETU discharge); cycle-threshold values ranged from 32.7 to 38.0 for NP and from 31.1 to 37.7 for GP.
conclusionsThese data showed the long-term presence of Ebola virus RNA in semen and declining persistence with increasing time after ETU discharge. (Funded by the World Health Organization and others.).
Indexed as
AdultCohort StudiesCross-Sectional StudiesEbolavirusHemorrhagic Fever, EbolaHumansMaleReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionRNA, ViralSemenSierra LeoneSurvivorsTime FactorsYoung AdultRNA, Viral
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