ArticlePloS one2015
Human CD4+ T Helper Cell Responses after Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccination and Infection.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever Virus and Powassan Virus Infections at Different Times After Immunization with the TBE Vaccine in In Vivo Experiments.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Human T Cell Responses to Flavivirus Vaccines.European journal of immunology · 2025Review
- Poor virus-specific T-cell responses early after tick-borne encephalitis virus infection correlate with disease severity.Emerging microbes & infections · 2024Article
- Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine breakthrough infections induce aberrant T cell and antibody responses to non-structural proteins.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Revealing the significance of IL-2 and IL-5 in SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses in kidney transplant recipients.Npj viruses · 2024Article
- Defining the "Correlate(s) of Protection" to tick-borne encephalitis vaccination and infection - key points and outstanding questions.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Development of a novel virus-like particle-based vaccine for preventing tick-borne encephalitis virus infection.Virologica Sinica · 2023Article
- T Cells in Tick-Borne Flavivirus Encephalitis: A Review of Current Paradigms in Protection and Disease Pathology.Viruses · 2023Review
- A recombinant Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara expressing prME of tick-borne encephalitis virus affords mice full protection against TBEV infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Balanced T and B cell responses are required for immune protection against Powassan virus in virus-like particle vaccination.Cell reports · 2022Article
- Inactivated tick-borne encephalitis vaccine elicits several overlapping waves of T cell response.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Article
- In Vitro Characterization of the Innate Immune Pathways Engaged by Live and Inactivated Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus.Vaccines · 2021Article
- Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus: A Quest for Better Vaccines against a Virus on the Rise.Vaccines · 2020Review
- CD4 T Cell Determinants in West Nile Virus Disease and Asymptomatic Infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- CD4 T cell responses to flaviviruses.Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology · 2018Review
- Memory T Cells in Flavivirus Vaccination.Vaccines · 2018Review
- Structural Influence on the Dominance of Virus-Specific CD4 T Cell Epitopes in Zika Virus Infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Article
- Cell-Mediated Immune Responses and Immunopathogenesis of Human Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus-Infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a human-pathogenic flavivirus that is endemic in large parts of Europe and Asia and causes severe neuroinvasive illness. A formalin-inactivated vaccine induces strong neutralizing antibody responses and confers protection from TBE disease. CD4+ T cell responses are essential for neutralizing antibody production, but data on the functionalities of TBEV-specific CD4+ T cells in response to vaccination or infection are lacking. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the cytokine patterns of CD4+ T cell responses in 20 humans after TBE vaccination in comparison to those in 18 patients with TBEV infection. Specifically, Th1-specific cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α), CD40 ligand and the Th1 lineage-specifying transcription factor Tbet were determined upon stimulation with peptides covering the TBEV structural proteins contained in the vaccine (C-capsid, prM/M-membrane and E-envelope). We show that TBEV-specific CD4+ T cell responses are polyfunctional, but the cytokine patterns after vaccination differed from those after infection. TBE vaccine responses were characterized by lower IFN-γ responses and high proportions of TNF-α+IL-2+ cells. In vaccine-induced responses-consistent with the reduced IFN-γ expression patterns-less than 50% of TBEV peptides were detected by IFN-γ+ cells as compared to 96% detected by IL-2+ cells, indicating that the single use of IFN-γ as a read-out strongly underestimates the magnitude and breadth of such responses. The results provide important insights into the functionalities of CD4+ T cells that coordinate vaccine responses and have direct implications for future studies that address epitope specificity and breadth of these responses.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.