Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26464419›Full record

ArticleAge and ageing2015

Community environment, cognitive impairment and dementia in later life: results from the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study.

Yu-Tzu Wu, A Matthew Prina, Andrew P Jones, Linda E Barnes, Fiona E Matthews, Carol Brayne, Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study

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Article in Age and ageing, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
55citing papers in PubMed, 6 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

55 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  8. [Modifiable risk and protective factors for dementia: an overview of established and emerging evidence].Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Yu-Tzu WuCambridge institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
A Matthew PrinaCentre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
Andrew P JonesNorwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
Linda E BarnesCambridge institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Fiona E MatthewsMRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Carol BrayneCambridge institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundFew studies have investigated the impact of the community environment, as distinct from area deprivation, on cognition in later life. This study explores cross-sectional associations between cognitive impairment and dementia and environmental features at the community level in older people.

methodThe postcodes of the 2,424 participants in the year-10 interview of the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study in England were mapped into small area level geographical units (Lower-layer Super Output Areas) and linked to environmental data in government statistics. Multilevel logistic regression was conducted to investigate associations between cognitive impairment (defined as MMSE ≤ 25), dementia (organicity level ≥3 in GMS-AGECAT) and community level measurements including area deprivation, natural environment, land use mix and crime. Sensitivity analyses tested the impact of people moving residence within the last two years.

resultsHigher levels of area deprivation and crime were not significantly associated with cognitive impairment and dementia after accounting for individual level factors. Living in areas with high land use mix was significantly associated with a nearly 60% reduced odds of dementia (OR: 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2, 0.8) after adjusting for individual level factors and area deprivation, but there was no linear trend for cognitive impairment. Increased odds of dementia (OR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.2, 4.2) and cognitive impairment (OR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.0, 2.0) were found in the highest quartile of natural environment availability. Findings were robust to exclusion of the recently relocated.

conclusionFeatures of land use have complex associations with cognitive impairment and dementia. Further investigations should focus on environmental influences on cognition to inform health and social policies.

Indexed as

Social EnvironmentAgedAged, 80 and overCognition DisordersDementiaEnglandEnvironmentFemaleHumansIndependent LivingLogistic ModelsMaleResidence CharacteristicsRisk Factorscognitive impairmentdementianeighbourhood/community environmentolder people

Identifiers

PMID26464419
PMCPMC4621236

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.