ArticleScientific reports2015
Dual mode of action of Bt proteins: protoxin efficacy against resistant insects.
Article in Scientific reports, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- The role of GPI-anchored membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase in the mode of action of Bt Cry1A toxins in the diamondback moth.Fundamental research · 2025Article
- Cry1 resistance in a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated HaCad1 gene knockout strain of the Australian cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera conferta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).Pest management science · 2025Article
- Article
- A Shared Receptor Suggests a Common Ancestry between an InsecticidalBiomolecules · 2024Article
- Review
- Interaction of insecticidal proteins from Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus thuringiensis for boll weevil management.PloS one · 2023Article
- Insect chaperones Hsp70 and Hsp90 cooperatively enhance toxicity ofFrontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Impact of Caterpillar Increased Feeding Rates on Reduction of Bt Susceptibility.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- The Potential Role of the Methionine Aminopeptidase GeneInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac Protoxin and Activated Toxin Exert Differential Toxicity Due to a Synergistic Interplay of Cadherin with ABCC Transporters in the Cotton Bollworm.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2022Article
- Activation of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1I to a 50 kDa stable core impairs its full toxicity to Ostrinia nubilalis.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2022Article
- Article
- A Novel Reference for Bt-Resistance Mechanism inInsects · 2021Article
- Behavioral and Developmental Responses of Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to Larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Inoculated With Various Concentrations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Bacillales: Bacillacae).Journal of insect science (Online) · 2020Article
- Characterization of Two NovelToxins · 2020Article
- Multiple Known Mechanisms and a Possible Role of an Enhanced Immune System in Bt-Resistance in a Field Population of the Bollworm,International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Article
- Development of a sensitive monoclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA to detect Vip3Aa in genetically modified crops.Biotechnology letters · 2020Article
- Resistance to Chilo infuscatellus (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) in transgenic lines of sugarcane expressing Bacillus thuringiensis derived Vip3A protein.Molecular biology reports · 2020Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Transgenic crops that produce Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins for pest control are grown extensively, but insect adaptation can reduce their effectiveness. Established mode of action models assert that Bt proteins Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac are produced as inactive protoxins that require conversion to a smaller activated form to exert toxicity. However, contrary to this widely accepted paradigm, we report evidence from seven resistant strains of three major crop pests showing that Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac protoxins were generally more potent than the corresponding activated toxins. Moreover, resistance was higher to activated toxins than protoxins in eight of nine cases evaluated in this study. These data and previously reported results support a new model in which protoxins and activated toxins kill insects via different pathways. Recognizing that protoxins can be more potent than activated toxins against resistant insects may help to enhance and sustain the efficacy of transgenic Bt crops.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.