ArticleGlobalization and health2015
The role of trade and investment liberalization in the sugar-sweetened carbonated beverages market: a natural experiment contrasting Vietnam and the Philippines.
Article in Globalization and health, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 99 citations in OpenAlex.
- Environmental Interventions to Reduce the Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages: Abridged Cochrane Systematic Review.Obesity facts · 2020Pooled it
- Environmental interventions to reduce the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and their effects on health.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2019Pooled it
- The health impact of trade and investment agreements: a quantitative systematic review and network co-citation analysis.Globalization and health · 2017Pooled it
- Exploratory household food consumption patterns and their associations with socioeconomic characteristics in Thailand: analysis of 19 rounds of the national household socio - economic survey from 2000 to 2021.Nutrition journal · 2026Article
- Ultra processed foods and their inputs increasingly dominate New Zealand's food and beverage imports: a retrospective analysis.Globalization and health · 2026Article
- Monitoring the impacts of international trade and investment agreements on food environments: a Canadian case study.Public health nutrition · 2026Article
- Unpacking food environment policy landscapes for healthier diets in "emerging" countries: the case of Viet Nam.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Trade policy reform, retail food prices and access to healthy diets worldwide.World development · 2024Article
- Nutrition policy reforms to address the double burden of malnutrition in Zambia: a prospective policy analysis.Health policy and planning · 2023Article
- Public health advocacy strategies to influence policy agendas: lessons from a narrative review of success in trade policy.Globalization and health · 2023Review
- Brexit, trade and the governance of non-communicable diseases: a research agenda.Globalization and health · 2023Review
- The influence of food environments on dietary behaviour and nutrition in Southeast Asia: A systematic scoping review.Nutrition and health · 2023Article
- Strategies used by the soft drink industry to grow and sustain sales: a case-study of The Coca-Cola Company in East Asia.BMJ global health · 2022Article
- Interdisciplinary insights on the future of food systems research: perspectives from the next generation of research leaders.Public health nutrition · 2022Article
- COVID-19, Trade, and Health: This Changes Everything? Comment on "What Generates Attention to Health in Trade Policy-Making? Lessons From Success in Tobacco Control and Access to Medicines: A Qualitative Study of Australia and the (Comprehensive and Progressive) Trans-Pacific Partnership".International journal of health policy and management · 2022Article
- Does international trade and investment liberalization facilitate corporate power in nutrition and alcohol policymaking? Applying an integrated political economy and power analysis approach to a case study of South Africa.Globalization and health · 2022Article
- Changes in apparent consumption of staple food in Mexico associated with the gradual implementation of the NAFTA.PLOS global public health · 2022Article
- Article
- International Trade and Investment and Food Systems: What We Know, What We Don't Know, and What We Don't Know We Don't Know.International journal of health policy and management · 2021Article
- International Trade and Investment Agreements as Barriers to Food Environment Regulation for Public Health Nutrition: A Realist Review.International journal of health policy and management · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTrade and investment liberalization may facilitate the spread of sugar-sweetened carbonated beverages (SSCBs), products associated with increased risk factors for obesity, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases (Circulation 121:1356-1364, 2010). Apart from a limited set of comparative cross-national studies, the majority of analyses linking liberalization and the food environment have drawn on case studies and descriptive accounts. The current failure of many countries to reverse the obesity epidemic calls for investigation into both individual and systemic factors, including trade and investment policies.
methodsUsing a natural experimental design we tested whether Vietnam's removal of restrictions on foreign direct investment (FDI) subsequent to its accession to the World Trade Organization in 2007 increased sales of SSCBs compared with a matched country, the Philippines, which acceded in 1995. Difference-in-difference (DID) models were used to test pre/post differences in total SSCB sales and foreign company penetration covering the years 1999-2013.
resultsFollowing Vietnam's removal of restrictions on FDI, the growth rate of SSCB sales increased to 12.1 % per capita per year from a prior growth rate of 3.3 %. SSCB sales per capita rose significantly faster pre- and post-intervention in Vietnam compared with the control country the Philippines (DID: 4.6 L per annum, 95 % CI: 3.8 to 5.4 L, p < 0.008). Vietnam's increase in SSCBs was primarily attributable to products manufactured by foreign companies, whose annual sales growth rates rose from 6.7 to 23.1 %, again unmatched within the Philippines over this period (DID: 12.3 %, 95 % CI: 8.6 to 16.0 %, p < 0.049).
conclusionsGrowth of SSCB sales in Vietnam, led by foreign-owned companies, significantly accelerated after trade and investment liberalization.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.