ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2015
The effect of prescription opioid injection on the risk of non-fatal overdose among people who inject drugs.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Harms associated with injecting in public spaces: a global systematic review and meta-analysis.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Pooled it
- Violence Exposure, Mental Distress, Substance Use Behaviors, and Overdose Experiences Among People who Inject Drugs.Journal of social work practice in the addictions · 2024Article
- Daily opioid and stimulant co-use and nonfatal overdoses in the context of social disadvantage: Findings on marginalized populations.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2023Article
- Syndemic factors associated with non-fatal overdose among young opioid users in New York City.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- A Study of the MTHFR Gene Prevalence in a Rural Tennessee Opioid Use Disorder Treatment Center Population.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Characterizing motivations for cannabis use in a cohort of people who use illicit drugs: A latent class analysis.PloS one · 2020Article
- Examining Factors Associated with Non-Fatal Overdose among People Who Inject Drugs in Rural Appalachia.Substance use & misuse · 2020Article
- Quantity fluctuations of illicitly used opioids and overdose risk.The International journal on drug policy · 2018Article
- Opioid Analgesic Use in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis: An Analysis of the Prospective Study of Outcomes in an Ankylosing Spondylitis Cohort.The Journal of rheumatology · 2018Observational
- Increasing diversion of methadone in Vancouver, Canada, 2005-2015.Journal of substance abuse treatment · 2018Article
- Increasing availability of illicit and prescription opioids among people who inject drugs in a Canadian setting, 2010-2014.The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse · 2018Article
- Willingness to receive intravenous buprenorphine treatment in opioid-dependent people refractory to oral opioid maintenance treatment: results from a community-based survey in France.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2017Article
- Adverse childhood experience effects on opioid use initiation, injection drug use, and overdose among persons with opioid use disorder.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2017Article
- Sex Disparities in Adverse Childhood Experiences and HIV/STIs: Mediation of Psychopathology and Sexual Behaviors.AIDS and behavior · 2017Article
- Prescription opioids prior to injection drug use: Comparisons and public health implications.Addictive behaviors · 2017Article
- Perceived risk of heroin use among nonmedical prescription opioid users.Addictive behaviors · 2017Article
- Initiation into prescription opioid injection and associated trends in heroin use among people who use illicit drugs.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2016Article
- Prescription Opioid Injection Among HIV-Positive People Who Inject Drugs in a Canadian Setting.AIDS and behavior · 2016Article
- Why is it so hard to implement change? A qualitative examination of barriers and facilitators to distribution of naloxone for overdose prevention in a safety net environment.BMC research notes · 2016Article
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesPrescription opioid (PO) use by people who inject drugs (PWID) is a growing public health concern. Non-fatal overdose remains a leading source of morbidity among PWID, however, little is known about the relationship between PO injection and non-fatal overdose in this population. In this study we sought to examine the impact of PO injection on non-fatal overdose among PWID from Vancouver, Canada.
methodsData were derived from two open prospective cohorts of PWID for the period of December, 2005 to May, 2014. Multivariable generalized estimating equations were used to examine the odds of overdose among those who injected: POs; heroin; and POs and heroin.
resultsIn total, 1660 PWID (33.7% women) participated in this study. In multivariable analyses, in comparison to those who were injecting non-opioid drugs, exclusive PO injection was not significantly associated with non-fatal overdose (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.17, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.74-1.86). The odds of non-fatal overdose were elevated for heroin injection (AOR: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.31-2.27), but were greatest for those who injected both heroin and POs (AOR: 2.46, 95% CI: 1.83-3.30). DISCUSSION: Compared to injecting non-opioids, injecting POs exclusively did not increase risk of non-fatal overdose; however, injecting both POs and heroin doubled the risk. This may reflect consistencies in drug potency and composition when POs are used, as well as unique characteristics of exclusive PO injectors. Our findings call for the continued scale-up of evidence-based overdose prevention interventions for people who inject opioids, including POs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.