ArticleJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2015
Phenotypic and Morphological Properties of Germinal Center Dark Zone Cxcl12-Expressing Reticular Cells.
Article in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 82 papers.
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Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed, 123 citations in OpenAlex.
- Germinal Center Selection and Plasma Cell Differentiation.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- An "old" cytokine's new trick: IL-1β in B cells and the germinal center.Function (Oxford, England) · 2026Review
- Reprogramming of stroma-derived chemokine networks drives the loss of tissue organization in nodal B cell lymphoma.Nature cancer · 2026Article
- A common progenitor gives rise to fibroblastic reticular cells and vascular smooth muscle cells in murine lymph nodes.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2026Article
- Tumor-Induced Rewiring of Splenic Niches: from Immune Organ to Cancer Accomplice.International journal of biological sciences · 2026Review
- Resolving the cellular profile of germinal center-analogous microstructures in zebrafish.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Advances in Human and Animal Germinal Center Models In Vitro: New Approaches to Studying Immune Responses.BioMed research international · 2026Review
- HIV-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma tumor-microenvironment axes differ by EBV status across cellular origins.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Germinal center immune dynamics: challenges for effective vaccination in the elderly.Immunotherapy · 2025Review
- Early Notch signals from fibroblastic reticular cells program effector CD8+ T cell differentiation.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2025Article
- Biomarker expression level changes within rectal gut-associated lymphoid tissues in spinal cord-injured rats.ImmunoHorizons · 2025Article
- Human immune organoids to decode B cell response in healthy donors and patients with lymphoma.Nature materials · 2025Article
- Lymph node or lymphoid aggregate? Impact on cancer resection quality, clinical prognosis, and tumor staging.Histology and histopathology · 2025Review
- Single-Nucleus and Spatial Transcriptome Profiling Delineates the Multicellular Ecosystem in Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Lymphoid stroma in all its states.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- CXCR4: from B-cell development to B cell-mediated diseases.Life science alliance · 2024Review
- Review
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Disease Biology.Acta haematologica · 2024Review
- A multiscale spatial modeling framework for the germinal center response.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Activation of TLR9 signaling suppresses the immunomodulating functions of CD55Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) is divided into a dark zone (DZ) and a light zone (LZ). GC B cells must cycle between these zones to achieve efficient Ab affinity maturation. Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are well characterized for their role in supporting B cell Ag encounter in primary follicles and in the GC LZ. However, the properties of stromal cells supporting B cells in the DZ are relatively unexplored. Recent work identified a novel stromal population of Cxcl12-expressing reticular cells (CRCs) in murine GC DZs. In this article, we report that CRCs have diverse morphologies, appearing in open and closed networks, with variable distribution in lymphoid tissue GCs. CRCs are also present in splenic and peripheral lymph node primary follicles. Real-time two-photon microscopy of Peyer's patch GCs demonstrates B cells moving in close association with CRC processes. CRCs are gp38(+) with low to undetectable expression of FDC markers, but CRC-like cells in the DZ are lineage marked, along with FDCs and fibroblastic reticular cells, by CD21-Cre- and Ccl19-Cre-directed fluorescent reporters. In contrast to FDCs, CRCs do not demonstrate dependence on lymphotoxin or TNF for chemokine expression or network morphology. CRC distribution in the DZ does require CXCR4 signaling, which is necessary for GC B cells to access the DZ and likely to interact with CRC processes. Our findings establish CRCs as a major stromal cell type in the GC DZ and suggest that CRCs support critical activities of GC B cells in the DZ niche through Cxcl12 expression and direct cell-cell interactions.
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