ArticleThe Plant cell2015
Multiple Avirulence Loci and Allele-Specific Effector Recognition Control the Pm3 Race-Specific Resistance of Wheat to Powdery Mildew.
Article in The Plant cell, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 107 papers.
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Who cites it
107 citing papers in PubMed, 148 citations in OpenAlex.
- An HMA-like integrated domain in the wheat tandem kinase WTK4 recognises an RNase-like pathogen effector.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Tracking the Evolutionary Trajectory of a Young Hybrid Plant Pathogen.Genome biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Hybrid genome assembly of the cannabis powdery mildew agent Golovinomyces ambrosiae uncovers important resources for deciphering virulence factors.BMC genomics · 2026Article
- Mechanism of Virulence in Fungal Pathogens with Diverse Modes of Living.Current microbiology · 2026Review
- Dual recognition of structurally unrelated mildew effectors underlies the broad-spectrum resistance of Pm3e in wheat.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Virulence gains in the Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici PstS10 lineage correlate with expression polymorphism in a candidate Avr effector.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Article
- Parallel adaptation and admixture drive the evolution of virulence in the grapevine downy mildew pathogen.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Virulence on Pm4 kinase-based resistance is determined by two divergent wheat powdery mildew effectors.Nature plants · 2026Article
- Sequence-based comparative secretome analysis reveals conserved core effectors and host lineage-specific divergence between monocot- and dicot-associated powdery mildew lineages.Frontiers in plant science · 2026Article
- A reference metagenome sequence of the lichen Cladonia rangiformis.BMC biology · 2025Article
- Identification and characterization of the powdery mildew resistance in a spelt accession Lsy-93.BMC plant biology · 2025Article
- Identification and characterization of the powdery mildew resistance in cultivated emmer wheat accession Lxd-682 via bulked segregant RNA sequencing.BMC plant biology · 2025Article
- Population genomics and molecular epidemiology of wheat powdery mildew in Europe.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- Expression of a modified Avr3a gene under the control of a synthetic pathogen-inducible promoter leads to Phytophthora infestans resistance in potato.Plant biotechnology journal · 2025Article
- The Wheat NLR Protein PM3b Localises to Endoplasmic Reticulum-Plasma Membrane Contact Sites and Interacts With AVRPM3Molecular plant pathology · 2025Article
- Avirulence depletion assay: Combining R gene-mediated selection with bulk sequencing for rapid avirulence gene identification in wheat powdery mildew.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Genome and transcriptome analysis of Chinese wheat powdery mildew isolate 21-2 for discovery of important virulence determinants.Current research in microbial sciences · 2025Article
- A Unique Expression Profile Responding to Powdery Mildew in Wild Emmer Wheat D430.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Unveiling resistance expression profile to powdery mildew in wheat via Bulked Segregant RNA-Seq.BMC plant biology · 2024Article
47 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
17 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In cereals, several mildew resistance genes occur as large allelic series; for example, in wheat (Triticum aestivum and Triticum turgidum), 17 functional Pm3 alleles confer agronomically important race-specific resistance to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis). The molecular basis of race specificity has been characterized in wheat, but little is known about the corresponding avirulence genes in powdery mildew. Here, we dissected the genetics of avirulence for six Pm3 alleles and found that three major Avr loci affect avirulence, with a common locus_1 involved in all AvrPm3-Pm3 interactions. We cloned the effector gene AvrPm3(a2/f2) from locus_2, which is recognized by the Pm3a and Pm3f alleles. Induction of a Pm3 allele-dependent hypersensitive response in transient assays in Nicotiana benthamiana and in wheat demonstrated specificity. Gene expression analysis of Bcg1 (encoded by locus_1) and AvrPm3 (a2/f2) revealed significant differences between isolates, indicating that in addition to protein polymorphisms, expression levels play a role in avirulence. We propose a model for race specificity involving three components: an allele-specific avirulence effector, a resistance gene allele, and a pathogen-encoded suppressor of avirulence. Thus, whereas a genetically simple allelic series controls specificity in the plant host, recognition on the pathogen side is more complex, allowing flexible evolutionary responses and adaptation to resistance genes.
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