ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2015
Detection of Typhoidal and Paratyphoidal Salmonella in Blood by Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative accuracy of typhoid diagnostic tools: A Bayesian latent-class network analysis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2019Pooled it
- The Relationship Between Blood Sample Volume and Diagnostic Sensitivity of Blood Culture for Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2018Pooled it
- Evaluation of mdh, dld, tcfA, and folE gene markers for detection of enteric fever using real-time PCR.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- A portable colorimetric biosensor using MOF-Pt@Cu for Salmonella detection.Mikrochimica acta · 2025Article
- Detecting Residual Chronic Salmonella Typhi Carriers on the Road to Typhoid Elimination in Santiago, Chile, 2017-2019.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Clinical characteristics of enteric fever and performance of TUBEX TF IgM test in Indonesian hospitals.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella Typhi culture-based wastewater or non-sewered sanitation surveillance in a resource-limited region.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2024Article
- Typhoid fever.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2023Review
- Prevalence, serotype, and antimicrobial resistance profiles of children infected withFrontiers in pediatrics · 2023Article
- Detection of Salmonella Typhi in Bile by Quantitative Real-Time PCR.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- Classification ofMicroorganisms · 2021Article
- Nucleic Acid-Based Lateral Flow Biosensor forDiagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Enteric Fever Diagnosis: Current Challenges and Future Directions.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Fever in the Returned Pediatric Traveler.Global pediatric health · 2021Review
- Laboratory Diagnosis of Paratyphoid Fever: Opportunity of Surface Plasmon Resonance.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Clinical Evaluation of a Multiplex PCR for the Detection ofThe American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2019Article
- Within-host mathematical modelling of the incubation period ofRoyal Society open science · 2019Article
- Real-Time PCR Assay for Differentiation of Typhoidal and NontyphoidalJournal of clinical microbiology · 2019Article
- Reducing Uncertainty for Acute Febrile Illness in Resource-Limited Settings: The Current Diagnostic Landscape.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2017Review
- Blood culture-PCR to optimise typhoid fever diagnosis after controlled human infection identifies frequent asymptomatic cases and evidence of primary bacteraemia.The Journal of infection · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
18 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe gold standard for diagnosis of enteric fever caused by Salmonella Typhi or Salmonella Paratyphi A or B is bone marrow culture. However, because bone marrow aspiration is highly invasive, many hospitals and large health centers perform blood culture instead. As blood culture has several limitations, there is a need for novel typhoid diagnostics with improved sensitivity and more rapid time to detection.
methodsWe developed a clyA-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method to detect Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A simultaneously in blood. The sensitivity and specificity of this probeset was first evaluated in vitro in the laboratory and then in a typhoid-endemic population, in Karachi, Pakistan, and in healthy US volunteers.
resultsWe optimized a DNA extraction and real-time PCR-based method that could reliably detect 1 colony-forming unit/mL of Salmonella Typhi. The probe set was able to detect clinical Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A strains and also diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, but not invasive E. coli or other invasive bacteria. In the field, the clyA qPCR diagnostic was 40% as sensitive as blood culture. However, when qPCR-positive specimens were considered to be true positives, blood culture only exhibited 28.57% sensitivity. Specificity was ≥90% for all comparisons and in the healthy US volunteers. qPCR was significantly faster than blood culture in terms of detection of typhoid and paratyphoid.
conclusionsBased on lessons learned, we recommend that future field trials of this and other novel diagnostics that detect typhoidal and nontyphoidal Salmonella employ multiple methodologies to define a "positive" sample.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.