ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2015
Effects of Long-Wavelength Lighting on Refractive Development in Infant Rhesus Monkeys.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 95 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
95 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 157 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploring the efficacy of repeated low-level red-light therapy in retarding childhood myopia progression: updated systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Optical Dynamics of Violet and Blue Light in Myopia Development: A Comparative and Historical Analysis.Journal of biomedical physics & engineering · 2026Article
- Dual-Hit Myopia Mechanism Unveiled by Multi-Omics: Opn1mw Deficiency Primed the Retina for Exaggerated Response to Environmental Defocus.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Evaluating the Effect on Emmetropization of the Timing and Spectrum of Breaks From a Myopiagenic Environment.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- S-Cone Retinal Pathway Dysfunction in Myopia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Review
- Light and myopia: a focus on the expanding role of non-visual opsins.Eye and vision (London, England) · 2026Review
- Interaction Between Near Work and Narrowband Light on Choroidal Thickness.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Effect of a longpass filter on myopic defocus-induced changes in axial length and choroid thickness.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Management of myopia: a mini-review.Medical hypothesis, discovery & innovation ophthalmology journal · 2026Review
- Role of light in eye growth and light as a therapy for myopia control.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2026Review
- RLRL Therapeutic Feasibility and Potential Mechanism on Myopia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Spontaneous refractive error, ocular biometry and age related lens changes in a population of geriatric rhesus macaques.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- IMI: The Role of Light in Refractive Development and Myopia: Evidence from Animal and Human Studies.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Review
- Low-level red light inhibits human retinal pigment epithelial cell fibrosis via UBE2C in a myopia-simulating hypoxic microenvironment.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Effects of Blue Light Toward Emmetropization.Cureus · 2025Review
- Childhood Myopia Part II: Treatment Mechanisms, Emerging Options, and Considerations.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Review
- Broadband Long Wavelength Light Promotes Myopic Eye Growth and Alters Retinal Responses to Light Offset in Chick.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- High correlated color temperature white light-emitting diodes disrupt refractive development in guinea pigs.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Retinoscopes: Past and present.World journal of methodology · 2024Article
35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeDifferences in the spectral composition of lighting between indoor and outdoor scenes may contribute to the higher prevalence of myopia in children who spend low amounts of time outdoors. Our goal was to determine whether environments dominated by long-wavelength light promote the development of myopia.
methodsBeginning at 25 ± 2 days of age, infant monkeys were reared with long-wavelength-pass (red) filters in front of one (MRL, n = 6) or both eyes (BRL, n = 7). The filters were worn continuously until 146 ± 7 days of age. Refractive development, corneal power, and vitreous chamber depth were assessed by retinoscopy, keratometry, and ultrasonography, respectively. Control data were obtained from 6 monkeys reared with binocular neutral density (ND) filters and 33 normal monkeys reared with unrestricted vision under typical indoor lighting.
resultsAt the end of the filter-rearing period, the median refractive error for the BRL monkeys (+4.25 diopters [D]) was significantly more hyperopic than that for the ND (+2.22 D; P = 0.003) and normal monkeys (+2.38 D; P = 0.0001). Similarly, the MRL monkeys exhibited hyperopic anisometropias that were larger than those in normal monkeys (+1.70 ± 1.55 vs. -0.013 ± 0.33 D, P < 0.0001). The relative hyperopia in the treated eyes was associated with shorter vitreous chambers. Following filter removal, the filter-reared monkeys recovered from the induced hyperopic errors.
conclusionsThe observed hyperopic shifts indicate that emmetropization does not necessarily target the focal plane that maximizes luminance contrast and that reducing potential chromatic cues can interfere with emmetropization. There was no evidence that environments dominated by long wavelengths necessarily promote myopia development.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.