ArticleScientific reports2015
Clostridium difficile: New Insights into the Evolution of the Pathogenicity Locus.
Article in Scientific reports, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 82 papers.
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Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed, 145 citations in OpenAlex.
- From colonization to infection: Genomic evolution of Clostridioides difficile pathogenesis.Cell reports · 2026Review
- Colonization Dynamics ofVeterinary sciences · 2026Article
- Identification and analysis of the crucial holin domain and sites and the bactericidal activity of a holin-endolysin lysis cassette from phage PZL-Ah152 againstJournal of virology · 2026Article
- Characterization of the clade 4 non-toxigenicFEMS microbes · 2026Article
- Virulome over taxonomy: refining the driver-passenger model in colorectal carcinogenesis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Effects of bacteriophages on gut microbiome functionality.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- History and Evolution of the HypervirulentMicroorganisms · 2025Review
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- Use of PCR cycle threshold values for toxins A and B quantification in Clostridioides difficile infections.Scientific reports · 2025Article
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- Diversity ofApplied and environmental microbiology · 2024Article
- A Clostridioides difficile endolysin modulates toxin secretion without cell lysis.Communications biology · 2024Article
- Spores of Clostridioides difficile are toxin delivery vehicles.Communications biology · 2024Article
- Article
- Review
- Environmental and Nutritional Parameters Modulating Genetic Expression for Virulence Factors ofAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- The multiplicity of thioredoxin systems meets the specific lifestyles of Clostridia.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Genomic and phenotypic characterization of aFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- Comparative Genomics of Clostridioides difficile.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2024Article
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The major virulence factors of Clostridium difficile are toxins A and B. These toxins are encoded by tcdA and tcdB genes, which form a pathogenicity locus (PaLoc) together with three additional genes that have been implicated in regulation (tcdR and tcdC) and secretion (tcdE). To date, the PaLoc has always been found in the same location and is replaced in non-toxigenic strains by a highly conserved 75/115 bp non-coding region. Here, we show new types of C. difficile pathogenicity loci through the genome analysis of three atypical clinical strains and describe for the first time a variant strain producing only toxin A (A(+)B(-)). Importantly, we found that the PaLoc integration sites of these three strains are located in the genome far from the usual single known PaLoc integration site. These findings allowed us to propose a new model of PaLoc evolution in which two "Mono-Toxin PaLoc" sites are merged to generate a single "Bi-Toxin PaLoc".
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