ReviewDrug safety2015
Comparative Safety of Vaccine Adjuvants: A Summary of Current Evidence and Future Needs.
Review in Drug safety, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 189 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
189 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 349 citations in OpenAlex.
- Aluminium adjuvants in vaccines and potential health effects: systematic review.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2026Pooled it
- Recent advances on coxsackievirus A6 vaccine research.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Safety and efficacy of toll-like receptor agonists as therapeutic agents and vaccine adjuvants for infectious diseases in animals: a systematic review.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Pooled it
- First-in-human, double-blind, randomized phase 1b study of peptide immunotherapy IMCY-0098 in new-onset type 1 diabetes.BMC medicine · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Safety and immunogenicity of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in adults 60 years of age and older: a phase II, a randomized, comparative trial in Kazakhstan.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2020Trial
- Randomized controlled trial demonstrating the benefits of delta inulin adjuvanted immunotherapy in patients with bee venom allergy.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2019Trial
- Immunogenicity and safety of a novel seasonal influenza preservative-free vaccine manufactured in Kazakhstan: Results of a randomized, comparative, phase II clinical trial in adults.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2018Trial
- Outer membrane vesicles fromVirulence · 2026Article
- Oral Food-Derived Proanthocyanidins as Immunostimulants: Enhanced Vaccine Immunogenicity via Host Immune Modulation in a Murine CSFV Model.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Review
- Viral Vaccine Adjuvant Strategies for Shaping Durable Immunity Across the Human Lifespan.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Dual role of ascorbyl Palmitate as coagel and adjuvant in experimental antivenom development.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- A comprehensive review of the phytochemical, and pharmacological potential of Alnus hirsuta (Spach) Rupr., (Siberian Alder): implications for anti-inflammatory therapeutics.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Global vaccine development.Nature medicine · 2026Review
- IFN-γ and TLR agonist co-adjuvants enhance the efficacy of a lipid-PLGA hybrid nanoparticle-based oxycodone vaccine.Biomaterials · 2026Article
- The Role and Safety of Aluminum Adjuvants in Childhood Vaccines.Pediatrics · 2026Review
- Investigating the In Vitro Immunomodulatory Potential of Microparticulate β-L-Adenosine in Particulate Vaccine Candidates.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Circular Permutation of theACS omega · 2026Article
- Advances in Nanoparticles as Vaccine Adjuvants.Vaccines · 2026Article
129 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Use of highly pure antigens to improve vaccine safety has led to reduced vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy. This has led to the need to use adjuvants to improve vaccine immunogenicity. The ideal adjuvant should maximize vaccine immunogenicity without compromising tolerability or safety. Unfortunately, adjuvant research has lagged behind other vaccine areas such as antigen discovery, with the consequence that only a very limited number of adjuvants based on aluminium salts, monophosphoryl lipid A and oil emulsions are currently approved for human use. Recent strategic initiatives to support adjuvant development by the National Institutes of Health should translate into greater adjuvant choices in the future. Mechanistic studies have been valuable for better understanding of adjuvant action, but mechanisms of adjuvant toxicity are less well understood. The inflammatory or danger-signal model of adjuvant action implies that increased vaccine reactogenicity is the inevitable price for improved immunogenicity. Hence, adjuvant reactogenicity may be avoidable only if it is possible to separate inflammation from adjuvant action. The biggest remaining challenge in the adjuvant field is to decipher the potential relationship between adjuvants and rare vaccine adverse reactions, such as narcolepsy, macrophagic myofasciitis or Alzheimer's disease. While existing adjuvants based on aluminium salts have a strong safety record, there are ongoing needs for new adjuvants and more intensive research into adjuvants and their effects.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.