ArticleSubstance use & misuse2015
Polydrug Use and HIV Risk Among People Who Inject Heroin in Tijuana, Mexico: A Latent Class Analysis.
Article in Substance use & misuse, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of the Mexican version of the keepin' it REAL school-based prevention program in addressing multi-substance use from early to mid-adolescence.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Trial
- Patterns of polysubstance use among people who use drugs on an American Indian reservation of a southern plains Tribal Nation.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Methamphetamine use and associated factors among people who inject drugs in Iran 2020.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2025Article
- Article
- Health, harm reduction, and social service providers' perspectives on the appropriateness and feasibility of peer distribution of HIV self-test kits among people who use drugs.Harm reduction journal · 2024Article
- Willingness to use and distribute HIV self-testing kits among people who inject drugs in the San Diego-Tijuana border region.Harm reduction journal · 2024Article
- Are you thinking what I'm thinking? Defining what we mean by "polysubstance use."The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse · 2024Article
- Institutional violence from police militarization and drug cartel wars as a 'Big Event' and its influence on drug use harms and HIV risk in people who inject drugs on the U.S.-Mexico border.The International journal on drug policy · 2023Article
- Patterns of opioid use behaviors among patients seen in the emergency department: Latent class analysis of baseline data from the POINT pragmatic trial.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2023Article
- Polysubstance Use Patterns Associated With HIV Disease Severity Among Those With Substance Use Disorders: A Latent Class Analysis.Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs · 2023Article
- Awareness, perception and utilization of a mobile health clinic by people who use drugs.Annals of medicine · 2022Article
- Violence, policing, and systemic racism as structural barriers to substance use treatment amongst women sex workers who use drugs: Findings of a community-based cohort in Vancouver, Canada (2010-2019).Drug and alcohol dependence · 2022Article
- HIV and Substance Use in Latin America: A Scoping Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- The introduction of fentanyl on the US-Mexico border: An ethnographic account triangulated with drug checking data from Tijuana.The International journal on drug policy · 2022Article
- Racial/Ethnic and Geographic Trends in Combined Stimulant/Opioid Overdoses, 2007-2019.American journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Review
- Client Characteristics Associated with Desire for Additional Services at Syringe Exchange Programs.Journal of substance use · 2022Article
- Gender Differences in Methamphetamine Use Initiation and Trajectory of Use Among People Who Use Methamphetamine in a Mexico-U.S. Border City.Addictive disorders & their treatment · 2021Article
- Co-use of methamphetamine and opioids among people in treatment in Oregon: A qualitative examination of interrelated structural, community, and individual-level factors.The International journal on drug policy · 2021Article
- Crystal methamphetamine use in British Columbia, Canada: A cross-sectional study of people who access harm reduction services.PloS one · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlthough most people who inject drugs (PWID) in Tijuana, Mexico, primarily inject heroin, injection and non-injection use of methamphetamine and cocaine is common. We examined patterns of polydrug use among heroin injectors to inform prevention and treatment of drug use and its health and social consequences.
methodsParticipants were PWID residing in Tijuana, aged ≥18 years who reported heroin injection in the past six months and were recruited through respondent-driven sampling (n = 1,025). Latent class analysis was conducted to assign individuals to classes on a probabilistic basis, using four indicators of past six-month polydrug and polyroute use: cocaine injecting, cocaine smoking or snorting, methamphetamine injecting, and methamphetamine smoking or snorting. Latent class membership was regressed onto covariates in a multinomial logistic regression.
resultsLatent class analyses testing 1, 2, 3, and 4 classes were fit, with the 3-class solution fitting best. Class 1 was defined by predominantly heroin use (50.2%, n = 515); class 2 by methamphetamine and heroin use (43.7%, n = 448), and class 3 by methamphetamine, cocaine, and heroin use (6.0%, n = 62). Bivariate and multivariate analyses indicated a group of methamphetamine and cocaine users that exhibited higher-risk sexual practices and lower heroin injecting frequency, and a group of methamphetamine users who were younger and more likely to be female.
conclusionsDiscrete subtypes of heroin PWID were identified based on methamphetamine and cocaine use patterns. These findings have identified subtypes of heroin injectors who require more tailored interventions to reduce the health and social harms of injecting drug use.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.