ArticleFrontiers in human neuroscience2015
Immunological findings in psychotic syndromes: a tertiary care hospital's CSF sample of 180 patients.
Article in Frontiers in human neuroscience, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Chemokine Dysregulation and Neuroinflammation in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Linking Inflammation, Aberrant Glutamate-Dopamine Interaction, and Post-synaptic Changes: Translational Relevance for Schizophrenia and Antipsychotic Treatment: a Systematic Review.Molecular neurobiology · 2022Pooled it
- Screening for pathogenic neuronal autoantibodies in serum and CSF of patients with first-episode psychosis.Translational psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Cerebrospinal fluid markers of inflammation and infections in schizophrenia and affective disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2019Pooled it
- The psychopathology of NMDAR-antibody encephalitis in adults: a systematic review and phenotypic analysis of individual patient data.The lancet. Psychiatry · 2019Pooled it
- What is the significance of onconeural antibodies for psychiatric symptomatology? A systematic review.BMC psychiatry · 2017Pooled it
- Markers of neuroinflammation in the CSF of patients with difficult to treat psychiatric disease.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Differentiation between anti-CASPR2 encephalitis with initial psychiatric symptoms and primary psychiatric disorders, and a diagnostic prediction model: a prospective descriptive study.Journal of neurology · 2025Article
- A Case Series of Young People Receiving Adjunctive Immunotherapy for Neuroimmune-Mediated Major Mood or Psychotic Syndromes.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2025Article
- Autoantibodies and Inflammation in Schizophrenia.Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2025Review
- The Immune/Inflammatory Underpinnings of Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome: A Scoping Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Frequency of autoimmune-associated exogenous psychoses in routine clinical care.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- Retrospective Comparison of Patients Evaluated for Pediatric Autoimmune Encephalitis with Typical and Atypical Premorbid Neuropsychiatric Development.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Article
- Psychiatric features in NMDAR and LGI1 antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2024Article
- Searching for Neuronal Antibodies in Psychiatric Diseases: Uncertain Findings and Implications.Neurology · 2023Article
- Anti-Neuronal Autoantibodies (Cell Surface and Onconeural) and Their Association With Natural Autoantibodies in Synthetic Cannabinoid-Induced Psychosis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- Cerebrospinal fluid flow cytometry distinguishes psychosis spectrum disorders from differential diagnoses.Molecular psychiatry · 2021Article
- Neuroinflammation in schizophrenia: the role of nuclear factor kappa B.Translational psychiatry · 2021Review
- Upregulation of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 Levels in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
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7 authors.
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Abstract
Immunological mechanisms and therapy approaches in psychotic syndromes were recently supported by the discovery of autoantibody-associated limbic and non-limbic encephalitis. However, how clinical diagnostic procedures in psychiatry should be adapted to these new insights is still unclear. In this study, we analyzed the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and neuroimmunological alterations and their association with cerebral MRI (cMRI) and electroencephalographic (EEG) findings. From 2006 to 2013, we acquired 180 CSF samples from psychotic patients. Between 2006 and 2009, CSF examinations were only performed in cases in which organic brain disease was suspected. Since then, this procedure has been integrated into our routine diagnostic workup. CSF basic diagnostics were supplemented by measuring antineuronal antibodies against intracellular synaptic antigens, antibodies against intracellular onconeural antigens, antibodies against neuronal cell surface antigens and thyroid antibodies. In addition, cMRIs and EEGs were conducted. We found white cell counts elevated in 3.4% of the cases, albumin quotient elevated in 21.8%, and protein concentration elevated in 42.2%. Evidence of intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis was found in 7.2% of the cases. Antibodies measured against neuronal cell surface antigens were positive in 3.2%. Reactivity on antibodies against intracellular onconeural antigens were detected in 3.5%. Serum thyroid antibodies were elevated in 24.7%. Abnormalities were found in 39.5% of cMRIs and in 34.3% of EEGs. The main finding of our study was the high prevalence of CSF and autoantibody abnormalities in 54.4% of psychotic patients. In combination with cMRIs and EEGs, 75.6% showed abnormal findings. Our results are discussed with regard to the concept of immunological encephalopathy. Future studies should analyze the efficacy of immunomodulatory therapies.
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