ArticleJournal of epidemiology2016
Association of Combined Tobacco Smoking and Oral Contraceptive Use With Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia 2 or 3 in Korean Women.
Article in Journal of epidemiology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- The relationship between hormonal contraception and cervical dysplasia/cancer controlling for human papillomavirus infection: A systematic review.Contraception · 2022Pooled it
- Review
- Interventional study on cervical cancer health literacy among Anganwadi teachers-An interprofessional approach.Journal of education and health promotion · 2025Article
- Regression rate of high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesions in women younger than 25 years.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2023Article
- Prevalence Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus in Cervical Cancer Patients in Riau Province Indonesia.Reports of biochemistry & molecular biology · 2022Article
- Contraception in chronic kidney disease: a best practice position statement by the Kidney and Pregnancy Group of the Italian Society of Nephrology.Journal of nephrology · 2020Article
- Association of Combined Tobacco Smoking, Hormonal Contraceptive use and Status Matrimonial with Cervical Cancer Evolution in Tunisian Women.Pathology oncology research : POR · 2020Observational
- Estimating the Relative Excess Risk Due to Interaction in Clustered-Data Settings.American journal of epidemiology · 2018Article
- Association Between Passive Smoking and the Risk of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia 1 in Korean Women.Journal of epidemiology · 2018Article
- Effect of Follicle Stimulating Hormone Receptor Gene Polymorphisms in Cervical Cancer Risk.Pathology oncology research : POR · 2017Article
- Relationships between Common and Novel Interleukin-6 Gene Polymorphisms and Risk of Cervical Cancer: a Case-Control Study.Pathology oncology research : POR · 2017Article
- Risk factors for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer in Chinese women: large study in Jiexiu, Shanxi Province, China.Journal of Cancer · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCigarette smoking and oral contraceptive (OC) use have been associated with cervical neoplasia, and the combination of smoking and OC use could influence cervical carcinogenesis. We aimed to assess the joint effect of smoking and OC use on the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).
methodsFrom a cohort of human papillomavirus-positive subjects recruited from 6 hospitals in Korea from March 2006 to November 2012, a total of 678 subjects (411 control, 133 CIN 1, and 134 CIN 2 or 3 cases) were selected for this study (mean age, 43 years). The risk of CIN associated with smoking and OC use on additive and multiplicative scales was estimated via multinomial logistic regression after adjustment for potential confounding factors. The relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) and the synergy index (S) were used to evaluate the additive interaction.
resultsOC users (odds ratio [OR] 1.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-3.69) and long-term OC use (≥20 months; OR 2.71; 95% CI, 1.11-6.59) had a higher risk of CIN 2/3, but had no association with CIN 1, compared to non-OC users. Smokers and heavy smoking (≥8 cigarettes/day) were not associated with any CIN grade. Combined smoking and OC use (OR 4.91; 95% CI, 1.68-14.4; RERI/S, 3.77/27.4; P for multiplicative interaction = 0.003) and combined heavy smoking and long-term OC use (OR 11.5; 95% CI, 1.88-70.4; RERI/S, 9.93/18.8; P for multiplicative interaction = 0.009) had a higher risk of CIN 2/3 but had no association with CIN 1 compared to combined non-smoking and non-OC use.
conclusionsOC use and smoking acted synergistically to increase the risk of CIN 2 or 3 in Korean women.
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