ArticleDevelopment and psychopathology2015
Identifying early pathways of risk and resilience: The codevelopment of internalizing and externalizing symptoms and the role of harsh parenting.
Article in Development and psychopathology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 62 papers.
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Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed.
- Predicting psychopathology symptom trajectories using machine learning: a 33-year prospective study.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Article
- Heterogeneity in Developmental Trajectories of Internalizing and Externalizing Symptomatology: Associations with Risk and Protective Factors.Child psychiatry and human development · 2026Article
- The Co-development of Depressive Symptoms and Problem Behaviors in Chinese Children and the Effect of Psychological Suzhi: A Longitudinal Study.Journal of youth and adolescence · 2026Article
- Parental Depression Symptoms, Skin Conductance Level Reactivity and Parenting: Associations with Youth Psychopathology.Child psychiatry and human development · 2026Article
- Bidirectional associations between parental negativity and child externalising problems: Social support and neighbourhood cohesion as moderators.JCPP advances · 2026Article
- Social support matters: trajectories of support from family, friends, and teachers shape the course of adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Food Insecurity and the Nexus of Co-Occurring Parental Distress and Child Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior Problems.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2026Article
- Early environmental risks and the developmental dynamics of internalizing and externalizing problems from birth to adolescence.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Disentangling the developmental cascades between adolescent maltreatment and internalizing and externalizing problems: From between-person differences to within-person changes.Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence · 2026Article
- Affective Instability and Regular Cannabis Use During Adolescence and Subsequent Risk for Psychosis in Early Adulthood: A Longitudinal Birth Cohort Study.Schizophrenia bulletin open · 2026Article
- Mother-preschooler RSA synchrony and self-regulation as antecedents of developmental psychopathology in early childhood.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2025Article
- Linked emergence of racial disparities in mental health and epigenetic biological aging across childhood and adolescence.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- Developmental cascades linking executive functions with internalizing and externalizing problems in early childhood through early adolescence.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- Adolescents' internalizing and externalizing symptom trajectories in relation to early-life parental depressive symptoms.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2025Article
- Is the association between infant regulatory problems and trajectories of childhood co-developing internalizing and externalizing symptoms moderated by early screen media exposure?European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2025Article
- Intergenerational Effects of Parenting on Children's Internalizing and Externalizing Trajectories: A Latent Growth Model Analysis.Child psychiatry and human development · 2025Article
- The Indirect Effects of Fathers' Parenting Style and Parent Emotion Regulation on the Relationship Between Father Self-Efficacy and Children's Mental Health Difficulties.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Physical activity and psychopathology: are long-term developmental trajectories of physical activity in children and adolescents associated with trajectories of general mental health problems and of attention-deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) symptoms?European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2024Article
- Sleep and internalizing problems in primary school children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.Pediatric research · 2024Article
- The legacy of harsh parenting: Enduring and sleeper effects on trajectories of externalizing and internalizing symptoms.Developmental psychology · 2024Article
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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Abstract
Psychological disorders co-occur often in children, but little has been done to document the types of conjoint pathways internalizing and externalizing symptoms may take from the crucial early period of toddlerhood or how harsh parenting may overlap with early symptom codevelopment. To examine symptom codevelopment trajectories, we identified latent classes of individuals based on internalizing and externalizing symptoms across ages 3-9 and found three symptom codevelopment classes: normative symptoms (low), severe-decreasing symptoms (initially high but rapidly declining), and severe symptoms (high) trajectories. Next, joint models examined how parenting trajectories overlapped with internalizing and externalizing symptom trajectories. These trajectory classes demonstrated that, normatively, harsh parenting increased after toddlerhood, but the severe symptoms class was characterized by a higher level and a steeper increase in harsh parenting and the severe-decreasing class by high, stable harsh parenting. In addition, a transactional model examined the bidirectional relationships among internalizing and externalizing symptoms and harsh parenting because they may cascade over time in this early period. Harsh parenting uniquely contributed to externalizing symptoms, controlling for internalizing symptoms, but not vice versa. In addition, internalizing symptoms appeared to be a mechanism by which externalizing symptoms increase. Results highlight the importance of accounting for both internalizing and externalizing symptoms from an early age to understand risk for developing psychopathology and the role harsh parenting plays in influencing these trajectories.
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