ArticleBMC genomics2015
Genomic dissection of the 1994 Cronobacter sakazakii outbreak in a French neonatal intensive care unit.
Article in BMC genomics, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Probing Genomic Diversity ofFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- DecipheringMicroorganisms · 2026Review
- Detection of Genus and Three Important Species ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- The Secretion of Toxins and Other Exoproteins ofMicroorganisms · 2020Review
- Pan-genome diversification and recombination in Cronobacter sakazakii, an opportunistic pathogen in neonates, and insights to its xerotolerant lifestyle.BMC microbiology · 2019Article
- Article
- Whole Genome Sequencing-Based Comparison of Food Isolates ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2019Article
- DNA sequence-based re-assessment of archived Cronobacter sakazakii strains isolated from dairy products imported into China between 2005 and 2006.BMC genomics · 2018Article
- Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2018Article
- The driving force of prophages and CRISPR-Cas system in the evolution of Cronobacter sakazakii.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- DNA-Sequence Based Typing of theFrontiers in microbiology · 2017Article
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7 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundCronobacter sakazakii is a member of the genus Cronobacter that has frequently been isolated from powdered infant formula (PIF) and linked with rare but fatal neonatal infections such as meningitis and necrotising enterocolitis. The Cronobacter MLST scheme has reported over 400 sequence types and 42 clonal complexes; however C. sakazakii clonal complex 4 (CC4) has been linked strongly with neonatal infections, especially meningitis. There have been a number of reported Cronobacter outbreaks over the last three decades. The largest outbreak of C. sakazakii was in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in France (1994) that lasted over 3 months and claimed the lives of three neonates. The present study used whole genome sequencing data of 26 isolates obtained from this outbreak to reveal their relatedness. This study is first of its kind to use whole genome sequencing data to analyse a Cronobacter outbreak.
methodsWhole genome sequencing data was generated for 26 C. sakazakii isolates on the Illumina MiSeq platform. The whole genome phylogeny was determined using Mugsy and RaxML. SNP calls were determined using SMALT and SAMtools, and filtered using VCFtools.
resultsThe whole genome phylogeny suggested 3 distant clusters of C. sakazakii isolates were associated with the outbreak. SNP typing and phylogeny indicate the source of the C. sakazakii could have been from extrinsic contamination of reconstituted infant formula from the NICU environment and personnel. This pool of strains would have contributed to the prolonged duration of the outbreak, which was up to 3 months. Furthermore 3 neonates were co-infected with C. sakazakii from two different genotype clusters.
conclusionThe genomic investigation revealed the outbreak consisted of an heterogeneous population of C. sakazakii isolates. The source of the outbreak was not identified, but probably was due to environmental and personnel reservoirs resulting in extrinsic contamination of the neonatal feeds. It also indicated that C. sakazakii isolates from different genotype clusters have the ability to co-infect neonates.
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