ArticleBMC public health2015
A cross-sectional analysis of the relationship between tobacco and alcohol outlet density and neighbourhood deprivation.
Article in BMC public health, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 131 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of the association between alcohol-related deaths and area-level socioeconomic deprivation and other geographic characteristics in high-income countries.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Neighbourhood inequities in the availability of retailers selling tobacco products: a systematic review.Tobacco control · 2025Pooled it
- Does geographic availability of alcohol influence drinking in adolescents? A systematic review of literature associations.Health & place · 2024Pooled it
- Association between density and proximity of tobacco retail outlets with smoking: A systematic review of youth studies.Health & place · 2021Pooled it
- The association of neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics with cardiovascular health: A quasi-experimental study of refugees to Denmark.Health & place · 2023Trial
- Longitudinal analysis of geographical inequalities in retail density of tobacco and nicotine vapour products in Scotland, 2020-2024.Preventive medicine reports · 2026Article
- Mind the Gap: Exploring Social Inequalities in Alcohol Consumption using Nationally Representative Data from the 2019 and 2021 Health Survey for England.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Unequal high streets? A spatial analysis of inequalities in health-related amenities in England from 2014-2024.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2026Article
- Neighborhood economic and demographic landscape as predictors of 90-day outcomes post-stroke hospitalization.Frontiers in stroke · 2026Article
- Prospective associations of subjective and objective neighborhood disadvantage with cannabis and nicotine vaping among Southern California adolescents.Health & place · 2025Article
- Community perspectives on the built environment, community stress, and the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in Accra, Ghana.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Determinants of tobacco product sales near educational institutions in Telangana and Meghalaya.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Article
- Psychiatrists, public mental health and sustainability: understanding the overlap and taking action.BJPsych bulletin · 2025Review
- The changing profile of laryngeal cancer: a 20-year retrospective cohort analysis.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2025Article
- "Availability is the poor cousin of marketing and pricing": qualitative study of stakeholders' views on policy priorities around tobacco and alcohol availability.Drugs (Abingdon, England) · 2025Article
- Public and professional stakeholders' perceptions of alcohol advertising and availability policies: A qualitative study.Drug and alcohol review · 2025Article
- Area-level sociodemographic differences in tobacco availability examined with nationwide tobacco product retail licence data in Finland.Tobacco control · 2024Article
- Availability of Alcohol on an Online Third-Party Delivery Platform Across London Boroughs, England: Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study.JMIR formative research · 2024Article
- Identifying priority populations for lung cancer screening intervention using neighborhood-level factors and cancer registry data.Preventive oncology & epidemiology · 2024Article
- Mechanisms of impact of alcohol availability interventions from the perspective of 63 diverse alcohol licensing stakeholders: a qualitative interview study.Drugs (Abingdon, England) · 2024Article
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThere is a strong socio-economic gradient in both tobacco-and alcohol-related harm. One possible factor contributing to this social gradient may be greater availability of tobacco and alcohol in more socially-deprived areas. A higher density of tobacco and alcohol outlets is not only likely to increase supply but also to raise awareness of tobacco/alcohol brands, create a competitive local market that reduces product costs, and influence local social norms relating to tobacco and alcohol consumption. This paper examines the association between the density of alcohol and tobacco outlets and neighbourhood-level income deprivation.
methodsUsing a national tobacco retailer register and alcohol licensing data this paper calculates the density of alcohol and tobacco retail outlets per 10,000 population for small neighbourhoods across the whole of Scotland. Average outlet density was calculated for neighbourhoods grouped by their level of income deprivation. Associations between outlet density and deprivation were analysed using one way analysis of variance.
resultsThere was a positive linear relationship between neighbourhood deprivation and outlets for both tobacco (p <0.001) and off-sales alcohol (p <0.001); the most deprived quintile of neighbourhoods had the highest densities of both. In contrast, the least deprived quintile had the lowest density of tobacco and both off-sales and on-sales alcohol outlets.
conclusionsThe social gradient evident in alcohol and tobacco supply may be a contributing factor to the social gradient in alcohol- and tobacco-related disease. Policymakers should consider such gradients when creating tobacco and alcohol control policies. The potential contribution to public health, and health inequalities, of reducing the physical availability of both alcohol and tobacco products should be examined in developing broader supply-side interventions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.