ReviewThe Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology2016
Sex differences in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders: Focus on microglial function and neuroinflammation during development.
Review in The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 200 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
200 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Intelligence outcome of pediatric intensive care unit survivors: a systematic meta-analysis and meta-regression.BMC medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Sickness and the Social Brain: Love in the Time of COVID.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- A Review on the Vagus Nerve and Autonomic Nervous System During Fetal Development: Searching for Critical Windows.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2021Pooled it
- Shared and disorder-specific prenatal and perinatal risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders: a nationwide cohort study.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Article
- Sex-specific associations between astrocytic reactivity and cognitive decline in unimpaired elderly.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Associations between neonatal brain structure and neurodevelopmental outcomes following very preterm birth.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Associations between Prenatal Perceived Stress and Child Autism-Related Traits in the ECHO Cohort.The Journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- PSMB4/MHC-I Signaling in the Cerebrospinal Fluid-Contacting Nucleus Mediates Neuroinflammatory Depression in Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Ventromedial hypothalamus IL-6 signaling mediates the excessive aggressive behavior induced by late-gestational sleep deprivation in male mice.Behavioral and brain functions : BBF · 2026Article
- Rapamycin and Minocycline Treatment Does Not Rescue Behavioral and Molecular Changes Induced by Early-Life Seizures in Female Mice.NeuroSci · 2026Article
- Associations between plasma biomarkers and changes in cognitive function over two years in people with and without HIV.AIDS (London, England) · 2026Article
- Prenatal exposure to wildfire-related PMEnvironment international · 2026Article
- Sex differences in microglia morphology and function across the lifespan are mediated by the early hormone environment.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026Article
- Mild chronic hypoxia and the brain: an ambiguous relationship.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- Statistically valid explainable black-box machine learning: applications in sex classification across species using brain imaging.PloS one · 2026Article
- Gestational benzene exposure programs sex-specific neuroimmune responses to postnatal viral infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Guanfacine and HCN channels: bridging neuroinflammation and prefrontal cortex function in autism spectrum disorder.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2026Review
- Ethanol Exposure Increases Oxygen Consumption by Developing Cerebral Arteries in a Trimester-, Concentration- and Sex-Dependent Manner.Biomolecules · 2025Article
- Repeated, sustained inflammation affects hippocampal dependent learning and neuroinflammation across age and sex.Behavioural brain research · 2025Article
140 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Several neurological conditions are associated with sex differences in prevalence or outcome. For example, autism predominantly affects boys, depression is more common in women, Parkinson's disease more common in men, and multiple sclerosis in women. In the case of stroke, women have a less favorable outcome and suffer from a more precipitous drop in health status compared to men. As a result, treatment of such diseases is difficult and yields variable results. Despite this, sex is rarely considered when making treatment decisions. The mechanisms underlying sex differences in disease progression are not well understood, however a strong link exists between different inflammation states of men and women and their propensity to develop certain diseases. As neuroinflammation is an important component of pathophysiology in many neurological conditions, it can be speculated that any changes in the state of inflammation in the brain during normal development can potentially lead to an increase in susceptibility to neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia play a crucial role in onset and modulation of inflammation and thus sex differences in microglial function could explain, at least in part, differences observed in susceptibilities and outcomes of neurological disorders in men and women. Understanding the mechanisms behind sex differences could help develop more targeted therapy with higher success rate, especially in diseases where sex differences are most prominent.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.