ArticlePsychoneuroendocrinology2016
Disrupted glucocorticoid--Immune interactions during stress response in schizophrenia.
Article in Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effect of acute stress on salivary markers of inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2020Pooled it
- Effects of inflammation on the kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia - a systematic review.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2020Pooled it
- Psychological stress induced mitochondrial response in humans and its medial prefrontal biomarker correlates.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Childhood trauma and inflammatory biomarker effects on cortical thinning in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- Immune-neuroendocrine crosstalk in mood and psychotic disorders: A meta-analysis and systematic review.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Review
- Analysis of the impact of clinical practices on salivary biomarkers of inflammation and stress in oral surgery postgraduate students: a pilot study.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Cross-ancestry analysis of brain QTLs enhances interpretation of schizophrenia genome-wide association studies.American journal of human genetics · 2024Article
- Stress-induced brain responses are associated with BMI in women.Communications biology · 2023Article
- Cortisol and cytokines in schizophrenia: A scoping review.Comprehensive psychoneuroendocrinology · 2023Article
- Towards Novel Potential Molecular Targets for Antidepressant and Antipsychotic Pharmacotherapies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Evidence for increased DNA damage repair in the postmortem brain of the high stress-response group of schizophrenia.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- The druggable schizophrenia genome: from repurposing opportunities to unexplored drug targets.NPJ genomic medicine · 2022Review
- The Inflamed Brain in Schizophrenia: The Convergence of Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors That Lead to Uncontrolled Neuroinflammation.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2020Review
- Psycho-Neuroendocrine-Immune Interactions in COVID-19: Potential Impacts on Mental Health.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Peripheral Cortisol and Inflammatory Response to a Psychosocial Stressor in People with Schizophrenia.Journal of neuropsychiatry (Foster City, Calif.) · 2018Article
- Haloperidol affects bones while clozapine alters metabolic parameters - sex specific effects in rats perinatally treated with phencyclidine.BMC pharmacology & toxicology · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Glucocorticoid and immune pathways typically interact dynamically to optimize adaptation to stressful environmental challenges. We tested the hypothesis that a dysfunctional glucocorticoid-immune relationship contributes to abnormal stress response in schizophrenia. Saliva samples from 34 individuals with schizophrenia (20 male, 14 female) and 40 healthy controls (20 male, 20 female) were collected prior to and at 3 time points following completion of a computerized psychological challenge meant to be frustrating. Salivary concentrations of cortisol and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and their response to the challenge were examined. Both cortisol and IL-6 significantly increased in response to stress in the combined sample (both p<.05). In controls, the rise in cortisol following the challenge was negatively correlated to the subsequent changes in IL-6 (r=-.461, p=.003), such that rise of cortisol immediately after stress predicts subsequently lower IL-6 levels. In contrast, this relationship was positive in schizophrenia patients (r=.379, p=.027). The trends were significantly different (Z=3.7, p=.0002). This stress paradigm induces a rise in both cortisol and IL-6. In healthy controls, a more robust acute cortisol response was associated with a steeper decline of IL-6 levels following stress, corresponding to the expected anti-inflammatory effects of cortisol. Patients exhibited the opposite relationship, suggesting an inability to down-regulate inflammatory responses to psychological stress in schizophrenia; or even a paradoxical increase of IL-6 response. This finding may partially underlie abnormalities in inflammatory and stress pathways previously found in the illness, implicating dysregulated stress response in the chronic inflammatory state in schizophrenia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.