ArticlePloS one2015
The Effects of Different Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Protocols on Cortical Gene Expression in a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemic-Reperfusion Injury.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 74 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Theta burst stimulation: what role does it play in stroke rehabilitation? A systematic review of the existing evidence.BMC neurology · 2024Pooled it
- Cerebral Theta-Burst Stimulation Combined with Physiotherapy in Patients with Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of rehabilitation medicine · 2023Trial
- Complexity of resting cortical activity predicts neurophysiological responses to theta-burst stimulation but fails to generalize: A rigorous machine-learning approach.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- Cognitive Impairment and Non-Invasive Neuromodulation Interventions in Bipolar Disorder: A Narrative Review of Current Status and Future Directions.Alpha psychiatry · 2026Review
- High-Frequency rTMS can Improve Depressive Symptoms by Promoting Mitochondrial Fusion.Actas espanolas de psiquiatria · 2025Article
- Complexity of Resting Cortical Activity Predicts Neurophysiological Responses to Theta- Burst Stimulation but Fails to Generalize: A Rigorous Machine-Learning Approach.Research square · 2025Article
- Evaluation of magnetic stimulation as a non-invasive technique in treating different causes of erectile dysfunction: a prospective cohort study.Basic and clinical andrology · 2025Article
- Brain connectivity and transcriptional changes induced by rTMS in first-episode major depressive disorder.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- The effect of theta burst stimulation (TBS) on aphasia in stroke patients: a protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2025Article
- The glymphatic system as a therapeutic target: TMS-induced modulation in older adults.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Article
- Effects of different modalities of transcranial magnetic stimulation on post-stroke cognitive impairment: a network meta-analysis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Article
- Time dependent changes in protein expression induced by intermittent theta burst stimulation in a cell line.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- Article
- Review
- The Implications of Microglial Regulation in Neuroplasticity-Dependent Stroke Recovery.Biomolecules · 2023Review
- The Putative Role of Neuroinflammation in the Interaction between Traumatic Brain Injuries, Sleep, Pain and Other Neuropsychiatric Outcomes: A State-of-the-Art Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Gene Expression Profile Changes in the Stimulated Rat Brain Cortex After Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.Brain & NeuroRehabilitation · 2022Article
- Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Early Subacute Phase of Stroke Enhances Angiogenic Mechanisms in Rats.Annals of rehabilitation medicine · 2022Article
- Long-Term Motor Cortical Electrical Stimulation Ameliorates 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Motor Dysfunctions and Exerts Neuroprotective Effects in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Although repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) in treatment of stroke in humans has been explored over the past decade the data remain controversial in terms of optimal stimulation parameters and the mechanisms of rTMS long-term effects. This study aimed to explore the potential of different rTMS protocols to induce changes in gene expression in rat cortices after acute ischemic-reperfusion brain injury. The stroke was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with subsequent reperfusion. Changes in the expression of 96 genes were examined using low-density expression arrays after MCAO alone and after MCAO combined with 1Hz, 5Hz, continuous (cTBS) and intermittent (iTBS) theta-burst rTMS. rTMS over the lesioned hemisphere was given for two weeks (with a 2-day pause) in a single daily session and a total of 2400 pulses. MCAO alone induced significant upregulation in the expression of 44 genes and downregulation in 10. Two weeks of iTBS induced significant increase in the expression of 52 genes. There were no downregulated genes. 1Hz and 5Hz had no significant effects on gene expression, while cTBS effects were negligible. Upregulated genes included those involved in angiogenesis, inflammation, injury response and cellular repair, structural remodeling, neuroprotection, neurotransmission and neuronal plasticity. The results show that long-term rTMS in acute ischemic-reperfusion brain injury induces complex changes in gene expression that span multiple pathways, which generally promote the recovery. They also demonstrate that induced changes primarily depend on the rTMS frequency (1Hz and 5Hz vs. iTBS) and pattern (cTBS vs. iTBS). The results further underlines the premise that one of the benefits of rTMS application in stroke may be to prime the brain, enhancing its potential to cope with the injury and to rewire. This could further augment its potential to favorably respond to rehabilitation, and to restore some of the loss functions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.