ArticleAddiction (Abingdon, England)2016
Tobacco outlet density, retailer cigarette sales without ID checks and enforcement of underage tobacco laws: associations with youths' cigarette smoking and beliefs.
Article in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Tobacco retailer density and smoking behaviour: how are exposure and outcome measures classified? A systematic review.BMC public health · 2023Pooled it
- The Association Between Tobacco Outlet Density and Smoking Among Young People: A Systematic Methodological Review.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2021Pooled it
- Association between density and proximity of tobacco retail outlets with smoking: A systematic review of youth studies.Health & place · 2021Pooled it
- Tobacco outlet density and adolescents' cigarette smoking: a meta-analysis.Tobacco control · 2019Pooled it
- Mystery shopping of tobacco, nicotine and alcohol products in 20 European countries: a cross-sectional study in the JAPreventNCD project.European journal of public health · 2026Article
- Density of tobacco retail outlets around school in Lao People's Democratic Republic 2024: a geospatial analysis.Frontiers in epidemiology · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of signage in preventing adolescents and young adults from accessing e-cigarettes in retail stores: a discrete-choice experiment.Tobacco control · 2025Article
- Article
- Flavored Tobacco Sales Restrictions and Youth E-cigarette Behavior: Impact by Tobacco Retailer Density in Diverse Communities in California.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- Tobacco retail availability and cigarette and e-cigarette use among youth and adults: a scoping review.Tobacco control · 2022Article
- Youth daily exposure to tobacco outlets and cigarette smoking behaviors: does exposure within activity space matter?Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2020Article
- How Is Exposure to Tobacco Outlets Within Activity Spaces Associated With Daily Tobacco Use Among Youth? A Mediation Analysis.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2020Article
- Density of cigarette retailers near schools and sales to minors in Banyuwangi, Indonesia: A GIS mapping.Tobacco induced diseases · 2020Article
- Mind the Gap: Changes in Cigarette Prices After California's Tax Increase.Tobacco regulatory science · 2019Article
- Density of Medical Marijuana Dispensaries and Current Marijuana Use among Young Adult Marijuana Users in Los Angeles.Substance use & misuse · 2019Article
- Cigarette retailer density around schools and neighbourhoods in Bali, Indonesia: A GIS mapping.Tobacco induced diseases · 2019Article
- Impacts of Marijuana Commercialization on Adolescents' Marijuana Beliefs, Use, and Co-use With Other Substances.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2018Article
- The "here and now" of youth: the meanings of smoking for sexual and gender minority youth.Harm reduction journal · 2018Article
- How do tobacco power walls influence adolescents? A study of mediating mechanisms.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2018Article
- E-cigarette use among students and e-cigarette specialty retailer presence near schools.Health & place · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
aimsTo estimate the relationships of tobacco outlet density, cigarette sales without ID checks and local enforcement of underage tobacco laws with youth's life-time cigarette smoking, perceived availability of tobacco and perceived enforcement of underage tobacco laws and changes over time.
designThe study involved: (a) three annual telephone surveys, (b) two annual purchase surveys in 2000 tobacco outlets and (c) interviews with key informants from local law enforcement agencies. Analyses were multi-level models (city, individual, time).
settingA sample of 50 mid-sized non-contiguous cities in California, USA.
participantsA total of 1478 youths (aged 13-16 at wave 1, 52.2% male); 1061 participated in all waves. MEASUREMENTS: Measures at the individual level included life-time cigarette smoking, perceived availability and perceived enforcement. City-level measures included tobacco outlet density, cigarette sales without ID checks and compliance checks.
findingsOutlet density was associated positively with life-time smoking [OR = 1.12, P < 0.01]. An interaction between outlet density and wave (OR = 0.96, P < 0.05) suggested that higher density was associated more closely with life-time smoking at the earlier waves when respondents were younger. Greater density was associated positively with perceived availability (β = 0.02, P < 0.05) and negatively with perceived enforcement (β = -0.02, P < 0.01). Sales rate without checking IDs was related to greater perceived availability (β = 0.01, P < 0.01) and less perceived enforcement (β = -0.01, P < 0.01). Enforcement of underage tobacco laws was related positively to perceived enforcement (β = 0.06, P < 0.05).
conclusionsHigher tobacco outlet density may contribute to life-time smoking among youths. Density, sales without ID checks and enforcement levels may influence beliefs about access to cigarettes and enforcement of underage tobacco sales laws.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.