ArticleJournal of leukocyte biology2016
Real-time in vivo imaging reveals the ability of neutrophils to remove Cryptococcus neoformans directly from the brain vasculature.
Article in Journal of leukocyte biology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Blood neutrophil counts in HIV-infected patients with cryptococcal meningitis: Association with mortality.PloS one · 2018Trial
- Cryptococcal Infection Across Disease Stages: Host-Pathogen Interactions, Tissue Niches, and Translational Priorities.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Fungal infections in focus: accelerating non-invasive imaging from preclinical insights to clinical breakthroughs.Npj imaging · 2025Review
- Involvement of CD146 in theInfection and immunity · 2025Article
- Active Cryptococcus neoformans glucuronoxylomannan production prevents elimination of cryptococcal CNS infection in vivo.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Elements of dissemination in cryptococcosis.mBio · 2024Review
- Card9 Broadly Regulates Host Immunity against Experimental PulmonaryJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Preclinical Models for Cryptococcosis of the CNS and Their Characterization Using In Vivo Imaging Techniques.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Innate Pulmonary Phagocytes and Their Interactions with PathogenicJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- A dissemination-prone morphotype enhances extrapulmonary organ entry by Cryptococcus neoformans.Cell host & microbe · 2022Article
- Host immune responses in the central nervous system during fungal infections.Immunological reviews · 2022Review
- Mechanisms of fungal dissemination.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2021Review
- Actually Seeing What Is Going on - Intravital Microscopy in Tissue Engineering.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2021Review
- Single-Cell Transcriptional Heterogeneity of Neutrophils During Acute PulmonaryFrontiers in immunology · 2021Article
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- VCAM1/VLA4 interaction mediates Ly6Clow monocyte recruitment to the brain in a TNFR signaling dependent manner during fungal infection.PLoS pathogens · 2020Article
- Pathogen and host genetics underpinning cryptococcal disease.Advances in genetics · 2020Review
- Nonlytic exocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans from neutrophils in the brain vasculature.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2019Article
- Neutrophil Recruitment: From Model Systems to Tissue-Specific Patterns.Trends in immunology · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Although neutrophils are typically the first immune cells attracted to an infection site, little is known about how neutrophils dynamically interact with invading pathogens in vivo. Here, with the use of intravital microscopy, we demonstrate that neutrophils migrate to the arrested Cryptococcus neoformans, a leading agent to cause meningoencephalitis, in the brain microvasculature. Following interactions with C. neoformans, neutrophils were seen to internalize the organism and then circulate back into the bloodstream, resulting in a direct removal of the organism from the endothelial surface before its transmigration into the brain parenchyma. C. neoformans infection led to enhanced expression of adhesion molecules macrophage 1 antigen on neutrophils and ICAM-1 on brain endothelial cells. Depletion of neutrophils enhanced the brain fungal burden. Complement C3 was critically involved in the recognition of C. neoformans by neutrophils and subsequent clearance of the organism from the brain. Together, our finding of the direct removal of C. neoformans by neutrophils from its arrested site may represent a novel mechanism of host defense in the brain, in addition to the known, direct killing of microorganisms at the infection sites. These data are the first to characterize directly the dynamic interactions of leukocytes with a microbe in the brain of a living animal.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.