Trial reportEpidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)2016
Quantifying Protection Against Influenza Virus Infection Measured by Hemagglutination-inhibition Assays in Vaccine Trials.
Trial report in Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- CAPYBARA: A generalizable framework for predicting serological measurements across human cohorts.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- The Decline in Influenza Antibody Titers and Modifiers of Vaccine Immunity from over Ten Years of Serological Data.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Humoral Correlates of Protection Against Influenza A/H3N2 Virus Infection.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Using interpretable machine learning to extend heterogeneous antibody-virus datasets.Cell reports methods · 2023Article
- Article
- Mutation E48K in PB1 Polymerase Subunit Improves Stability of a Candidate Live Attenuated Influenza B Virus Vaccine.Vaccines · 2021Article
- Influenza in temperate and tropical Asia: a review of epidemiology and vaccinology.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2020Review
- Influenza Hemagglutination-inhibition Antibody Titer as a Mediator of Vaccine-induced Protection for Influenza B.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2019Article
- Extra-Neutralizing FcR-Mediated Antibody Functions for a Universal Influenza Vaccine.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- Article
- The utility of LASSO-based models for real time forecasts of endemic infectious diseases: A cross country comparison.Journal of biomedical informatics · 2018Article
- The establishment of surrogates and correlates of protection: Useful tools for the licensure of effective influenza vaccines?Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2018Review
- Individual and Population Trajectories of Influenza Antibody Titers Over Multiple Seasons in a Tropical Country.American journal of epidemiology · 2018Article
- Incidence of influenza A(H3N2) virus infections in Hong Kong in a longitudinal sero-epidemiological study, 2009-2015.PloS one · 2018Article
- Different Repeat Annual Influenza Vaccinations Improve the Antibody Response to Drifted Influenza Strains.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- Rethinking thresholds for serological evidence of influenza virus infection.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2017Article
- Population seroprevalence of antibody to influenza A(H7N9) virus, Guangzhou, China.BMC infectious diseases · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCorrelations between hemagglutination-inhibition titers (hereafter "titers") and protection against infection have been identified in historical studies. However, limited information is available about the dynamics of how titer influences protection.
methodsTiters were measured in randomized, placebo-controlled vaccine trials in Hong Kong among pediatrics during September 2009-December 2010 and the United States among adults during Oct 2007-April 2008. Intermediate unobserved titers were imputed using three interpolation methods. As participants were recruited at different times leading to varying exposure to infection relative to entry, a modified proportional hazards model was developed to account for staggered entry into the studies and to quantify the correlation of titers with protection against influenza infections, adjusting for waning in titers. The model was fitted using Markov chain Monte Carlo and importance sampling.
resultsA titer of 1:40 was associated with a reduced infection risk of 40%-70% relative to a titer of 1:10, depending on the circulating strain; the corresponding protection associated with a titer of 1:80 was 54%-84%. Results were robust across interpolation methods. The trivalent-inactivated vaccine reduced cumulative incidence of influenza B and influenza A(H3N2) infections by six percentage points (pp; 95% credible interval = 2 pp, 10 pp) and 1 pp (95% credible interval = 0.3 pp, 2 pp) respectively, but not for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. The live-attenuated vaccine showed little efficacy against influenza A(H3N2) infections.
conclusionsTiters are correlated with protection against influenza infections. The trivalent inactivated vaccine can reduce the risk of influenza A(H3N2) and influenza B infections in the community.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.