Observational studyMedicine2015
Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Nasopharyngeal Aspirate From Hospitalized Children With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection With or Without Rhinovirus Bronchiolitis, and Use of the Cytokines as Predictors of Illness Severity.
Observational study in Medicine, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05378022 (Application of LiveSpo Navax in Treatment of Acute Respiratory Disease in Children Infected With Influenza Virus), which is not on this map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Application of LiveSpo Navax in Treatment of Acute Respiratory Disease in Children Infected With Influenza Virus
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Human Immune Response to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2017Pooled it
- Acute Severity Versus Long-term Morbidity: Uncoupling the Roles of RSV and HRV in Childhood Respiratory Disease.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Viral and Host-Related Factors in the Nasal Inflammatory Response to Critical Bronchiolitis in Infants and Children.Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies · 2026Article
- Article
- Comparison of characteristics and immune responses between paired human nasal and bronchial epithelial organoids.Cell & bioscience · 2025Article
- Article
- Bacterial small RNAs may mediate immune response differences seen in respiratory syncytial virus versus rhinovirus bronchiolitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Article
- Type III Interferons, Viral Loads, Age, and Disease Severity in Young Children With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Identification of biomarkers for disease severity in nasopharyngeal secretions of infants with upper or lower respiratory tract viral infections.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2022Observational
- Comparison of immune response to human rhinovirus C and respiratory syncytial virus in highly differentiated human airway epithelial cells.Virology journal · 2022Article
- Review
- Cilia-related gene signature in the nasal mucosa correlates with disease severity and outcomes in critical respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Innate Immune Responses by Respiratory Viruses, Including Rhinovirus, During Asthma Exacerbation.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Cytokine expression in rhinovirus- vs. respiratory syncytial virus-induced first wheezing episode and its relation to clinical course.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Antibody and Local Cytokine Response to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Community-Dwelling Older Adults.mSphere · 2020Article
- Role of Aging and the Immune Response to Respiratory Viral Infections: Potential Implications for COVID-19.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2020Review
- Comparison of clinical features of acute lower respiratory tract infections in infants with RSV/HRV infection, and incidences of subsequent wheezing or asthma in childhood.BMC infectious diseases · 2020Article
- IL-33 and ST2 as predictors of disease severity in children with viral acute lower respiratory infection.Cytokine · 2020Article
- Impaired tumor necrosis factor-α secretion by CD4 T cells during respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis associated with recurrent wheeze.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human rhinovirus (HRV) respiratory infection in children induce production of inflammatory interleukins (ILs) in the respiratory epithelium. As IL(s) determine the severity of illness, the purpose of this study was to identify the pro-inflammatory IL(s) that could be predictor(s) of clinical severity. One hundred and fifteen patients <2 years old with bronchiolitis due to RSV and /or HRV and 38 controls were selected from a hospital and an outpatient clinic. Clinical data of all patients were recorded. Severity was defined by the number of days with oxygen need. Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) were collected to perform viral diagnosis by quantitative reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and to quantify ILs: TNF-α, IL-10, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-8, by flow cytometry. Simple and multiple regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used for statistical analysis. Of the patients selected 60 were single RSV, 28 RSV associated to HRV, and 27 single HRV. All patients (115) showed significantly higher IL levels when compared with controls. Levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-8 detected in NPA from RSV single and associated to HRV were significantly higher than HRV infected and positively associated with days requiring O2.Levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-8 detected in NPA from patients infected with RSV only or with both RSV and HRV are increased, and any of those 3 cytokines may have a predictive value for the number of days with need of supplemental oxygen.
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