ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2015
Compartmental Innervation of the Superior Oblique Muscle in Mammals.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Topographical Anatomical Description of the Orbit of the Alpaca, Vicugna pacos.Veterinary ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Functional Anatomy of Ocular Counter-Rolling in Superior Oblique Palsy.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Functional anatomy of the orbit in strabismus surgery: Connective tissues, pulleys, and the modern surgical implications of the "arc of contact" paradigm.Journal of anatomy · 2024Review
- Investigation of Selective Innervation of Extraocular Muscle Compartments.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- Can Binocular Alignment Distinguish Hypertropia in Sagging Eye Syndrome From Superior Oblique Palsy?Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2022Article
- Surgical Outcomes of Nonadjustable Modified Harada-Ito Surgery.Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO · 2021Article
- The oblique extraocular muscles in cetaceans: Overall architecture and accessory insertions.Journal of anatomy · 2021Article
- Functional Anatomy of Muscle Mechanisms: Compensating Vertical Heterophoria.American journal of ophthalmology · 2021Article
- Detailed anatomy of the trochlear nerve in the superior oblique muscle.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2019Article
- Article
- Functional anatomy of extraocular muscles during human vergence compensation of horizontal heterophoria.Journal of neurophysiology · 2019Article
- Translation and eccentric rotation in ocular motor modeling.Progress in brain research · 2019Article
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Globe-Tendon Interface for Extraocular Muscles: Is There an "Arc of Contact"?American journal of ophthalmology · 2018Article
- Extraocular Muscle Compartments in Superior Oblique Palsy.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2016Article
- Isolated schwannoma involving extraocular muscles.Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus · 2016Article
- Rectus Pulley Displacements without Abnormal Oblique Contractility Explain Strabismus in Superior Oblique Palsy.Ophthalmology · 2016Article
- Functional morphometry demonstrates extraocular muscle compartmental contraction during vertical gaze changes.Journal of neurophysiology · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeIntramuscular innervation of mammalian horizontal rectus extraocular muscles (EOMs) is compartmental. We sought evidence of similar compartmental innervation of the superior oblique (SO) muscle.
methodsThree fresh bovine orbits and one human orbit were dissected to trace continuity of SO muscle and tendon fibers to the scleral insertions. Whole orbits were also obtained from four humans (two adults, a 17-month-old child, and a 33-week stillborn fetus), two rhesus monkeys, one rabbit, and one cow. Orbits were formalin fixed, embedded whole in paraffin, serially sectioned in the coronal plane at 10-μm thickness, and stained with Masson trichrome. Extraocular muscle fibers and branches of the trochlear nerve (CN4) were traced in serial sections and reconstructed in three dimensions.
resultsIn the human, the lateral SO belly is in continuity with tendon fibers inserting more posteriorly on the sclera for infraducting mechanical advantage, while the medial belly is continuous with anteriorly inserting fibers having mechanical advantage for incycloduction. Fibers in the monkey superior SO insert more posteriorly on the sclera to favor infraduction, while the inferior portion inserts more anteriorly to favor incycloduction. In all species, CN4 bifurcates prior to penetrating the SO belly. Each branch innervates a nonoverlapping compartment of EOM fibers, consisting of medial and lateral compartments in humans and monkeys, and superior and inferior compartments in cows and rabbits.
conclusionsThe SO muscle of humans and other mammals is compartmentally innervated in a manner that could permit separate CN4 branches to selectively influence vertical versus torsional action.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.