ArticleToxins2015
Exploring Protein Binding of Uremic Toxins in Patients with Different Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease and during Hemodialysis.
Article in Toxins, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 121 citations in OpenAlex.
- Animal Models for Studying Protein-Bound Uremic Toxin Removal-A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Biotic Supplements in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation · 2022Pooled it
- Comparison of uremic toxin removal between expanded hemodialysis and high volume online hemodiafiltrations in different modes.Acta biochimica Polonica · 2024Trial
- Can curcumin supplementation reduce plasma levels of gut-derived uremic toxins in hemodialysis patients? A pilot randomized, double-blind, controlled study.International urology and nephrology · 2021Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- Long term variation of serum levels of uremic toxins in patients treated by post-dilution high volume on-line hemodiafiltration in comparison to standard low-flux bicarbonate dialysis: results from the REDERT study.Journal of nephrology · 2017Trial
- Resistant starch supplementation effects on plasma indole 3-acetic acid and aryl hydrocarbon receptor mRNA expression in hemodialysis patients: Randomized, double blind and controlled clinical trial.Jornal brasileiro de nefrologiaTrial
- Targeting Uremic Toxins in Chronic Kidney Disease: Current Challenges and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies.Toxins · 2026Review
- Role of the ABCG2 transporter in the biodistribution of the food-borne uremic toxin p-cresyl sulfate.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Review
- Cerebral Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment in Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis: the Role of Neuroglia and Associated Factors (Review).Sovremennye tekhnologii v meditsine · 2026Review
- Systemic elevation of gut derivedFrontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Epicardial adipose tissue: an overtly concealed contributor to cardiovascular events in chronic kidney disease patients.Lipids in health and disease · 2025Review
- Observational
- Benefits and Pitfalls of Uraemic Toxin Measurement in Peritoneal Dialysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- The spatiotemporal and paradoxical roles of NRF2 in renal toxicity and kidney diseases.Redox biology · 2025Review
- Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analytical Methods for the Quantitation ofPharmaceutics · 2024Review
- Uremic toxins mediate kidney diseases: the role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor.Cellular & molecular biology letters · 2024Review
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
As protein binding of uremic toxins is not well understood, neither in chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, nor during a hemodialysis (HD) session, we studied protein binding in two cross-sectional studies. Ninety-five CKD 2 to 5 patients and ten stable hemodialysis patients were included. Blood samples were taken either during the routine ambulatory visit (CKD patients) or from blood inlet and outlet line during dialysis (HD patients). Total (CT) and free concentrations were determined of p-cresylglucuronide (pCG), hippuric acid (HA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresylsulfate (pCS), and their percentage protein binding (%PB) was calculated. In CKD patients, %PB/CT resulted in a positive correlation (all p < 0.001) with renal function for all five uremic toxins. In HD patients, %PB was increased after 120 min of dialysis for HA and at the dialysis end for the stronger (IAA) and the highly-bound (IS and pCS) solutes. During one passage through the dialyzer at 120 min, %PB was increased for HA (borderline), IAA, IS and pCS. These findings explain why protein-bound solutes are difficult to remove by dialysis: a combination of the fact that (i) only the free fraction can pass the filter and (ii) the equilibrium, as it was pre-dialysis, cannot be restored during the dialysis session, as it is continuously disturbed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.