Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26426034›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2015

Nipple Pain in Breastfeeding Mothers: Incidence, Causes and Treatments.

Jacqueline C Kent, Elizabeth Ashton, Catherine M Hardwick, Marnie K Rowan, Elisa S Chia, Kyle A Fairclough, Lalitha L Menon, Courtney Scott, Georgia Mather-McCaw, Katherine Navarro and 1 more

2 registry-linked trialsOpen access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 48 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
48citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
7.2field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT03392675 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2017, after this paper: background citation

Promoting Self-Management of Breast and Nipple Pain in Breastfeeding Women

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of ConnecticutRan2017 to 2017Enrolled65ConditionsBreastfeeding, Breast PainArmsSelf-monitoring of BF and intervention
NCT06770595 nanot yet recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2025, after this paper: background citation

The Effect of Prenatal Breastfeeding Education Through Clinical Demonstrations for Primiparous Women to Prevent Sore Nipples and Engorgement

TypeinterventionalSponsorGadjah Mada UniversityRan2025 to 2026Enrolled100ConditionsNipple Infection, Nipple Discharge, EngorgementArmsbreastfeeding positions and attachment practice.
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

48 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 179 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  7. OXTR rs53576 Variation with Breast and Nipple Pain in Breastfeeding Women.Pain management nursing : official journal of the American Society of Pain Management Nurses · 2021
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  12. Effect of theEuropean journal of midwifery · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Jacqueline C KentSchool of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia. Jacqueline.Kent@uwa.edu.au.
Elizabeth AshtonBreast Feeding Centre of WA, King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women, 374 Bagot Rd, Subiaco WA 6008, Australia. Liz.Ashton@health.wa.gov.au.
Catherine M HardwickBreast Feeding Centre of WA, King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women, 374 Bagot Rd, Subiaco WA 6008, Australia. CatherineMeria.Hardwick@health.wa.gov.au.
Marnie K RowanSchool of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia. Marnie.Rowan@uwa.edu.au.
Elisa S ChiaSchool of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia. Elisa.Chia@health.wa.gov.au.
Kyle A FaircloughSchool of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia. fairck01@gmail.com.
Lalitha L MenonSchool of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia. Lalitha.Menon@health.wa.gov.au.
Courtney ScottSchool of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia. cscott9294@gmail.com.
Georgia Mather-McCawSchool of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia. 20930736@student.uwa.edu.au.
Katherine NavarroSchool of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia. 20953365@student.uwa.edu.au.
Donna T GeddesSchool of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia. Donna.Geddes@uwa.edu.au.
University of Western Australia · AUKing Edward Memorial Hospital · AU

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPersistent nipple pain is one of the most common reasons given by mothers for ceasing exclusive breastfeeding. We aimed to determine the frequency of nipple pain as a reason for consultation, the most common attributed aetiologies, and the effectiveness of the advice and treatment given.

methodsAll consultations at the Breast Feeding Centre of Western Australia (WA) were audited over two six-month periods in 2011 (n = 469) and 2014 (n = 708). Attributed cause(s) of nipple pain, microbiology results, treatment(s) advised, and resolution of pain were recorded.

resultsNipple pain was one of the reasons for consultation in 36% of cases. The most common attributed cause of nipple pain was incorrect positioning and attachment, followed by tongue tie, infection, palatal anomaly, flat or inverted nipples, mastitis, and vasospasm. Advice included correction of positioning and attachment, use of a nipple shield, resting the nipples and expressing breastmilk, frenotomy, oral antibiotics, topical treatments, and cold or warm compresses. Pain was resolving or resolved in 57% of cases after 18 days (range 2-110).

conclusionThe multiple attributed causes of nipple pain, possibly as a result of a cascade of events, suggests that effective early lactation management for prevention of nipple pain and early diagnosis and effective treatment are crucial to avoid early weaning.

Indexed as

Breast FeedingPain ManagementAdultBreast DiseasesFemaleHumansIncidenceMiddle AgedMothersNipplesPainPain MeasurementProspective StudiesProtective DevicesRetrospective StudiesTreatment Outcomebreastfeedingdiagnosisnipple paintreatments

Identifiers

PMID26426034
PMCPMC4626966
OpenAlexW1943127215

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.