ArticleExperimental animals2016
Effects of an anesthetic mixture of medetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol in rats-strain difference and antagonism by atipamezole.
Article in Experimental animals, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nicardipine co-administered with medetomidine-midazolam-butorphanol anesthesia attenuates post-anesthetic hypothermia in rats.Experimental animals · 2026Article
- Topical administration of testosterone ameliorates atopic dermatitis of KFRS4 rats.Experimental animals · 2026Article
- Effects of 4-position substitutions of diphenidine on blood-brain barrier penetration and dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of rats.Forensic toxicology · 2026Article
- Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of a modified anesthetic protocol using dexmedetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol in mice.The Journal of veterinary medical science · 2026Article
- Microcirculatory impact of vatinoxan and fentanyl in male Wistar rats sedated with medetomidine and midazolam.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- General anesthesia and depth of anesthesia (DoA) evaluation methods in laboratory animals: a comprehensive review.Veterinary research communications · 2026Review
- Dual-route medetomidine-alfaxalone-butorphanol anesthesia: a refined protocol for balanced anesthesia in male rabbits.Experimental animals · 2025Article
- Dual-route administration of balanced anesthesia using medetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol provides both suitable anesthetic depth and reduced tissue injury in rabbits.Experimental animals · 2025Article
- The common marmoset in biomedical research: experimental disease models and veterinary management.Experimental animals · 2023Review
- Ropinirole inhibits inflammatory cytokine production in gingival epithelial cells and suppresses alveolar bone loss in an experimental rat model of periodontitis.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2023Article
- Effect of experimental periodontitis on cardiac functions: a comprehensive study using echocardiography, hemodynamic analysis, and histopathological evaluation in a rat model.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Article
- Characterization of Astrocytes in the Minocycline-Administered Mouse Photothrombotic Ischemic Stroke Model.Neurochemical research · 2022Article
- Novel protocol to establish the myocardial infarction model in rats using a combination of medetomidine-midazolam-butorphanol (MMB) and atipamezole.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2022Article
- Rat model of asphyxia-induced cardiac arrest and resuscitation.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Review
- Understanding the Effects of Anesthesia on Cortical Electrophysiological Recordings: A Scoping Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Feasibility of Application of the Newly Developed Nano-Biomaterial, β-TCP/PDLLA, in Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery: A Pilot Rat Study.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Comparison of the anesthetic effect by the injection route of mixed anesthesia (medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol) and the effect of this anesthetic agent on the respiratory function.The Journal of veterinary medical science · 2020Article
- Methods for dynamic synchrotron X-ray respiratory imaging in live animals.Journal of synchrotron radiation · 2020Article
- Pharmacologic Modulation of Noxious Stimulus-evoked Brain Activation in Cynomolgus Macaques Observed with Functional Neuroimaging.Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2020Article
- Effects of an anesthetic mixture of medetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol and antagonism by atipamezole in rabbits.Experimental animals · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
An anesthetic mixture of medetomidine (MED), midazolam (MID), and butorphanol (BUT) has been used in laboratory animals. We previously reported that this anesthetic mixture produced closely similar anesthetic effects in BALB/c and C57BL/6J strains. We also demonstrated the efficacy of atipamezole (ATI), an antagonist of MED that produced quick recovery from anesthesia in mice. Anesthetics have various anesthetic effects among animal strains. However, the differences in the effects of anesthetic mixtures in rats are unclear. In the present study, we first examined effects of the abovementioned anesthetic mixture using three different rat strains: Wistar (WST), Sprague-Dawley (SD), and Fischer 344 (F344). Second, we examined how different dosages and optimum injection timing of ATI affected recovery from anesthesia in rats. We used the anesthetic score to measure anesthetic duration and a pulse oximeter to monitor vital signs. We found no significant differences in anesthetic duration among the three different strains. However, recovery from anesthesia in the SD strain took significantly longer than in the other strains. The antagonistic effects of ATI (0.15 mg/kg and 0.75 mg/kg) were equivalent when administered at 30 min after anesthetic mixture administration. The antagonistic effects of ATI 0.75 mg/kg were stronger than those of ATI 0.15 mg/kg at 10 min after anesthetic mixture administration. This anesthetic mixture is a useful drug that can induce similar anesthetic effects in three different strains and has an antagonist, ATI, that makes rats quickly recover from anesthesia. These results may contribute to the welfare of laboratory animals.
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