ReviewJournal of pediatric nursing
The Assessment and Non-Pharmacologic Treatment of Procedural Pain From Infancy to School Age Through a Developmental Lens: A Synthesis of Evidence With Recommendations.
Review in Journal of pediatric nursing. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04942561 (Effect of Immersive Virtual Reality on Pain and Anxiety in Pediatric Peripheral Intravenous Catheter Access), which is not on this map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of Immersive Virtual Reality on Pain and Anxiety in Pediatric Peripheral Intravenous Catheter Access: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 97 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Impact of Propofol Exposure on Neurocognitive Outcomes in Children With High-Risk B ALL: A Children's Oncology Group Study.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2024Trial
- Effect of an Immersive Virtual Reality Intervention on Pain and Anxiety Associated With Peripheral Intravenous Catheter Placement in the Pediatric Setting: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2021Trial
- Children's experiences and responses towards an intervention for psychological preparation for radiotherapy.Radiation oncology (London, England) · 2018Trial
- Comparison of iatrogenic pain between rotavirus vaccination before and after vaccine injection in 2-month-old infants.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2017Trial
- The Effectiveness of Child Life Services in Reducing Pediatric Procedural Pain: A Systematic Review and Three-Level Meta-Analysis.Journal of pain research · 2026Review
- Pediatric Pain Management: An Observational Study on Nurses' Knowledge of Non-Pharmacological Techniques.Nursing reports (Pavia, Italy) · 2025Article
- Training healthcare professionals in hypnosis-derived communication to mitigate procedural pain in children.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Digital tools for assessing chronic pain in children (5-11 years): Systematic review.Paediatric & neonatal pain · 2024Article
- Article
- Use and Abuse of Electrocautery in Adenoidectomy Hemostasis.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Article
- Pain management in hospitalized children: A cross-sectional study.Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da U S P · 2022Observational
- A randomized trial of iPad distraction to reduce children's pain and distress during intravenous cannulation in the paediatric emergency department.Paediatrics & child health · 2021Article
- Recommendations for a Pediatric Pain Education Curriculum for Physical and Occupational Therapists: Scoping Review and Survey.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Children's fear of needle injections: a qualitative study of training sessions for children with rheumatic diseases before home administration.Pediatric rheumatology online journal · 2020Article
- Nursing-Related Barriers to Children's Pain Management at Selected Hospitals in Ghana: A Descriptive Qualitative Study.Pain research & management · 2020Article
- Managing Procedural Pain in the Neonate Using an Opioid-sparing Approach.Clinical therapeutics · 2019Review
- Epidemiology of spinal pain in children: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort.European journal of pediatrics · 2019Article
- Needle-related pain and distress management during needle-related procedures in children with and without intellectual disability.European journal of pediatrics · 2018Article
- Pain Control and Parent Mental Health Among Pediatric Inpatients.Hospital pediatrics · 2017Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
unlabelledThe 2011 IOM report stated that pain management in children is often lacking especially during routine medical procedures. The purpose of this review is to bring a developmental lens to the challenges in assessment and non-pharmacologic treatment of pain in young children.
methodA synthesis of the findings from an electronic search of PubMed and the university library using the keywords pain, assessment, treatment, alternative, complementary, integrative, infant, toddler, preschool, young, pediatric, and child was completed. A targeted search identified additional sources for best evidence.
resultsAssessment of developmental cues is essential. For example, crying, facial expression, and body posture are behaviors in infancy that indicate pain: however in toddlers these same behaviors are not necessarily indicative of pain. Preschoolers need observation scales in combination with self-report while for older children self-report is the gold standard. Pain management in infants includes swaddling and sucking. However for toddlers, preschoolers and older children, increasingly sophisticated distraction techniques such as easily implemented non-pharmacologic pain management strategies include reading stories, watching cartoons, or listening to music. DISCUSSION: A developmental approach to assessing and treating pain is critical. Swaddling, picture books, or blowing bubbles are easy and effective when used at the appropriate developmental stage and relieve both physical and emotional pain. Untreated pain in infants and young children may lead to increased pain perception and chronic pain in adolescents and adults. Continued research in the non-pharmacological treatment of pain is an important part of the national agenda.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.