ArticleVirology journal2015
Eastern equine encephalitis virus in mice II: pathogenesis is dependent on route of exposure.
Article in Virology journal, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Arboviral infections of the central nervous system: Mechanisms of invasion and long-term consequences.Journal of neurovirology · 2026Review
- Chronic Neuroplasticity Changes Following Neurotropic Viral Infection: Mechanisms and Implications.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Broad spectrum antiviral BDGR-164 provides protection against lethal neurotropic alphavirus infection in mice.Antiviral research · 2025Article
- Neuropathogenesis of Encephalitic Alphaviruses in Non-Human Primate and Mouse Models of Infection.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Machine learning identifies genes linked to neurological disorders induced by equine encephalitis viruses, traumatic brain injuries, and organophosphorus nerve agents.Frontiers in computational neuroscience · 2025Article
- Structural basis for VLDLR recognition by eastern equine encephalitis virus.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Olfactory immunology: the missing piece in airway and CNS defence.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
- Syrian Hamsters Model Does Not Reflect Human-like Disease after Aerosol Exposure to Encephalitic Alphaviruses.Methods and protocols · 2024Article
- Neurological manifestations of encephalitic alphaviruses, traumatic brain injuries, and organophosphorus nerve agent exposure.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Review
- Inactivation of highly transmissible livestock and avian viruses including influenza A and Newcastle disease virus for molecular diagnostics.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Unraveling the complex interplay: immunopathology and immune evasion strategies of alphaviruses with emphasis on neurological implications.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
- Structural constraints link differences in neutralization potency of human anti-Eastern equine encephalitis virus monoclonal antibodies.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Review
- Eastern equine encephalitis virus rapidly infects and disseminates in the brain and spinal cord of cynomolgus macaques following aerosol challenge.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
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- Immunopathogenesis of alphaviruses.Advances in virus research · 2020Article
- Aerosol infection of Balb/c mice with eastern equine encephalitis virus; susceptibility and lethality.Virology journal · 2019Article
- Protective antibodies against Eastern equine encephalitis virus bind to epitopes in domains A and B of the E2 glycoprotein.Nature microbiology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundEastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is an alphavirus with a case fatality rate estimated to be as high as 75 % in humans and 90 % in horses. Surviving patients often have long-lasting and severe neurological sequelae. At present, there is no licensed vaccine or therapeutic for EEEV infection. This study completes the clinical and pathological analysis of mice infected with a North American strain of EEEV by three different routes: aerosol, intranasal, and subcutaneous. Such an understanding is imperative for use of the mouse model in vaccine and antiviral drug development.
methodsTwelve-week-old female BALB/c mice were infected with EEEV strain FL93-939 by the intranasal, aerosol, or subcutaneous route. Mice were euthanized 6 hpi through 8 dpi and tissues were harvested for histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis.
resultsViral antigen was detected in the olfactory bulb as early as 1-2 dpi in aerosol and intranasal infected mice. However, histologic lesions in the brain were evident about 24 hours earlier (3 dpi vs 4 dpi), and were more pronounced following aerosol infection relative to intranasal infection. Following subcutaneous infection, viral antigen was also detected in the olfactory bulb, though not as routinely or as early. Significant histologic lesions were not observed until 6 dpi.
conclusionThese pathologic studies suggest EEEV enters the brain through the olfactory system when mice are exposed via the intranasal and aerosol routes. In contrast, the histopathologic lesions were delayed in the subcutaneous group and it appears the virus may utilize both the vascular and olfactory routes to enter the brain when mice are exposed to EEEV subcutaneously.
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